The human eye: shadows of a stylus and the field seen through an aperture
Why a fine point across the pupil casts a broad shadow, and how two eyes divide the field seen through a pinhole
A page of mirror-writing on the geometry of vision, with four marginal diagrams: an eye and a stylus at varying distances, and eyes looking at a field through an aperture. Leonardo explains why a stylus point held crosswise before the pupil, though far thinner than the pupil, occupies more or less of the field the nearer it is to the eye, darkening but not blocking the passage of images. He then works out what part of a field two eyes can see through a small aperture, showing which strips each eye alone catches and the triangular space neither can see. He ends on the deception of the senses: how the right eye seems to see a left-hand object with the left eye, and how a single eye yields a dimmer view than two.
On this page
Why a fine stylus across the pupil casts a great shadow
A stylus point set crosswise before the pupil, its thickness far less than the pupil's diameter, occupies more or less space among the other objects the nearer or farther it stands from the eye. This occupation darkens the view but does not prohibit the passage of the species of the other objects to the eye.
What two eyes see of a field through an aperture
Two eyes looking through the aperture d e at the field a c see nothing of it but the space b; the remaining right-hand strip a b is seen only by the left eye g, and the left-hand strip b c only by the right eye f. A triangular space c d e is seen by neither eye, because each eye covers one boundary with the lip of the aperture.
The deception of the senses in one-eyed and two-eyed vision
With a single eye a thing appears less clear than with two, because if one eye sees darkness and the other light, the two mingle in the visual power and yield neither pure light nor pure darkness. The right eye, though it sees a left-hand object on the left side, seems to itself to see it with the left eye, and the sense does not perceive that it is deceived.
