How fish bones survive inside petrified fish
Mud fills the hollow mould of a buried animal, air escapes sideways, and the whole hardens to stone
A dense page of text, without diagrams, describing how animals with internal skeletons became fossils. Leonardo argues that flood mud, deposited far from the river beds, minutely imprinted the buried creatures; as their flesh decayed, the disordered bones dropped into the hollow of the imprint. The mud then dried, took on a viscous moisture, and turned to stone, filling every void, while the displaced air escaped only through the lateral porosities. The stone thus preserves the exact form of the animal, with its bones still enclosed within.
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Bones falling into the hollow of the imprint
Animals with bones inside their skin, buried by river-flood mud far from the ordinary river beds, were minutely imprinted by it. As the beds lowered and the flesh and intestines were consumed, the bones, out of their natural order, fell to the bottom of the cavity of their own imprint.
Air escaping sideways as mud petrifies into stone
When the mud dried of its watery moisture it took on a viscous moisture and became stone, filling every void and penetrating the cavity through the earth's minute pores. The trapped air could not rise (the pores above being occupied by the descending humour) nor fall (the pores below being sealed), so it escaped through the open lateral parts, and the hardened humour became grainless stone keeping the animal's form with its bones inside.
