Extending, Shortening and Uniting Rectangles
Transforming a rectangle to a given length or width without changing its area, and combining four into one.
Leonardo works on the transformation of rectangles at constant area, illustrated by numbered wedge- and strip-shaped figures with hatched sections. Given a rectangle a b c d, he extends it to a chosen length d f by extending side c a and drawing a line from f tangent to the corner b, which fixes the new, narrower width a e; a proof by the two equal triangles either side of the diagonal shows the area is preserved. He inverts the process to shorten a rectangle to a given line, and then sets out to fold four rectangles n m o p of different sizes into one, using a marked strip on which widths a b at the front and lengths c d at the tail let him read off length for width and the reverse. He breaks off the demonstration with the aside that the soup is getting cold.
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Extending a rectangle to a given length
To stretch rectangle a b c d to the given length d f, Leonardo extends the side c a up to g and draws the line from f tangent to corner b; this yields the new width a e to which the extended rectangle is reduced. The rectangle thus lengthens along d f and narrows by the length e a.
Equal-area proof by the diagonal's triangles
The rectangle is halved by its diagonal into the upper triangle b f d and lower triangle a e c. Removing the equal similar triangles b and a, then the equal triangles d and c, leaves the upper rectangle f equal to the lower rectangle e, proving the area is unchanged; a second and fourth figure verify this by the elements of geometry.
Uniting four rectangles n m o p into one
Leonardo proposes to gather four rectangles n m o p of various widths and lengths into a single rectangle of any chosen length or width. The construction marks the width a b at the front and the length c d at the tail of each rectangle so their combined value can be laid out as one.
A calculating strip of widths a b and lengths c d
A divided and lettered strip stores the combined value of the four rectangles n m o p: give the width at fronts a b and it returns the length at corners c d, and conversely give the length and it returns the width. Leonardo ends the passage abruptly, remarking that the soup is getting cold.
