The wine-and-water problem and infinite divisibility
Successive halving of a mixture, worked out in branching fraction tables
Leonardo poses the classic dilution puzzle: a vessel full of wine has half drawn off and replaced with water, then half again, and so on. He concludes that because any continuous quantity is divisible to infinity, water constantly passing through the vessel will never leave it wholly free of wine. The reasoning is carried through branching tables of halving fractions (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 ...) on the left and right, tracking the shrinking share of wine against water. Small ink sketches at the lower part of the sheet, including an ornate structure, are present but are not covered by the transcription.
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The wine-and-water dilution and infinite divisibility
A vase full of wine has half drawn off and replaced with water, becoming half wine and half water; repeating the operation halves the wine again, and so on. Because every continuous quantity is divisible to infinity, wine placed in a vessel through which water always passes can never be entirely removed: the water standing in the vase is never wholly without wine.
Successive halving worked in branching fraction tables
Columns marked v (wine) and a (water) track the mixture through repeated halvings: 1/2 and 1/2, then 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64, 1/128, with running results such as 3/4 water and 1/4 wine, then 7/8 water and 1/8 wine. The tree of fractions on the left and the parallel figures on the right show the geometric progression of the diluting share.
