Simple and Compound Shadows from Three Lights
Why intersecting shadows do not double their darkness
This narrow strip is a study in the science of cast shadows. Ray diagrams at the top set three lights against two columnar shadow-casting bodies, producing six shadows and nine intersections; Leonardo asks why the two outermost intersections fail to double the darkness at q when the other seven do. The text distinguishes simple shadows — which see no luminous body — from compound shadows, arguing that where two compound shadows cross, each half still sees its own single light, so the darkness is neither doubled nor destroyed. Faint additional sketches of a toothed strip and a framed device appear at the lower part of the sheet, possibly showing through from the verso.
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Three lights, two columns, nine intersections
Three lights with two columnar shadow-casting bodies between them are shown making six shadows and nine intersections. The question posed is why the two outermost intersections do not double the darkness at q, whereas doubling is seen at the other seven intersections.
Simple versus compound shadows at an intersection
Light n m makes shadow-body o S cast the two shadows o f and o g, and lights of body h p cast p L and p K, so the simple derived shadows arise at b c and not at d e. Where two compound shadows cross, each length still sees only its own light and never the other's, so the shadow keeps its darkness without doubling and without being destroyed.
