Quadrature of Lunes and Curvilinear Figures
Geometric proofs on squaring circular segments, sectors and right triangles, citing Euclid
The sheet is filled with geometric constructions and proofs concerned with the quadrature of curved figures — lunes ('falcate'), circular segments, sectors and quarter-rings — alongside propositions on right triangles and squares. Leonardo cites Euclid for the proposition that a diagonal divides a square into two equal parts, and works through several attempts to convert curvilinear areas into equivalent rectilinear, squarable ones, labelling one line of reasoning 'sophistical' and another 'fallacious'. Diagrams of a semicircle, a quarter-ring, triangles with lettered vertices and paired circles accompany the notes.
On this page
Every diagonal halves the square (after Euclid)
Every diagonal of any square divides it into two equal parts, as is proved in Euclid. A right triangle of equal sides is accordingly half of a square. The lettered figure marks the triangle a – c b.
Squares on the sides of an isosceles right triangle
Things similar and equal to one thing are equal and similar among themselves. Here there are 8 triangles equal to triangle a, of which f g contains 2 and b c d e contains 4. The figure is lettered d c – e b a g f – h i.
Squaring a quarter-ring against a curvilinear figure
Leonardo removes the piece a and gives to f c g the same value as a together with the portion h i, obtaining the square f c g h i equal to the non-square a f c g. The remaining square equals the curvilinear a c f plus g i, placed beneath f c h at the site S n.
Quadrature of the lune ('falcata')
Taking the chord a b onto an indefinite line to find the centre c, he builds a quarter-circle a d b and the right angle a c b. He then removes a portion and a half from the lune (c b o) and rearranges the pieces o r S t so that part of the lune becomes the rectilinear figure o b r c S t, leaving a small lune at the tip that is in itself impossible to square.
Double circles: a lune that will not square itself
Note this concerning double circles: here the lune does not square itself, because it is not content to take back below what is removed above, but remains squared by means of the triangle n. If instead you first steal or add below and restore the value above, leaving the outer rim, it will be good work.
Give me a equal to b: dividing a segment
Give me a equal to b, and divide the portion a b into known parts, always into portions or into parallels similar to a. The small figure is lettered b – a.
