Squaring circular segments, crowns and lunes
Lettered constructions turning sectors, circular crowns and lunes into equal rectilinear areas
Across a right and a left column Leonardo pursues the quadrature of curvilinear figures, turning circular segments, circular crowns and crescent-shaped lunes into equal rectilinear areas by cutting and rearranging pieces. He labels a numbered sequence of demonstrations (fourth, fifth, and so on) and proves that a straight line rotating about a centre sweeps equal sectors, appealing to the fourth proposition of Book I of Euclid's Elements. Small lettered diagrams of arcs, crowns and a shaded sector accompany the reasoning.
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Squaring a circular segment (o n S)
From the segment o n S the rectangular pieces at n S are removed and rendered into t v, so that o t n comes out equal to the original segment o n S. It is the opening step of a chain of quadrature constructions.
Squaring the lune a b c
Leonardo squares the lune a b c, identifying it as the excess of the parallelogram d b, or equivalently the excess of the parallelogram c e, the two being worth the same. The crescent is thereby reduced to a rectilinear figure.
Equal sectors swept by a rotating line (Euclid I.4)
To prove the fourth proposition he argues that a straight line a c turning about its centre b, with ends equidistant from b, describes equal arcs a d and c e and hence equal triangles a d b and b c e. Removing equal parts leaves equal remainders, a result he also grounds in the fourth proposition of Book I of the Elements.
Squaring a lune from two equal sectors
To square the lune a b c he takes the two sectors a b c and a c f, which are equal and arise from circles standing in the same proportion to one another. The demonstration breaks off before the ratio is stated.
