Invention of Composition and the Figure in Violent Action
How a well-set stance lets a figure hurl its weight the farthest
Here Leonardo names the invention of compositions as the sum and first part of the art of painting, and the depiction of movement as the second, to be done with a promptness fitted to the rank of each figure. To show a figure throwing darts or stones with full force he compares two figures, a and b, drawn within the text column: figure a will cast farther because its stance lets it wind up and release with speed and ease, whereas b, its feet wrongly placed, twists awkwardly and throws weakly. The passage stresses that the preparation of force in any movement demands twisting and bending of the body.
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Invention of the composition is the first part of the art
The sum and principal part of the art is the invention of the compositions of any subject; the second part is the movements, which should regard their operations and be done with a promptness suited to the rank of those who perform them, whether in sloth or in earnestness, with fierceness of the highest quality where the action requires it.
A throwing figure must show its utmost disposition
When someone must throw darts, stones or the like, the figure should show at need its utmost disposition in the action. Two figures are given in various modes of action and potency: a is first in vigor, b is the movement.
Why figure a casts its weight farther than b
Figure a drives the thrown object farther because, though both aim at one direction, a can twist away, prepare its power, and return with speed and ease to release the weight. Figure b, having the tips of its feet turned away from the target, twists toward it with great awkwardness, so its effect is weak; force in every movement must be prepared by twisting and bending.
