Codex Atlanticus718 pages

• Odometer and pedometer: machines that measure distance
• Machine for Sawing Stone Slabs
• Machine for drawing iron into cannon barrels
• Water-Driven Machine for Drawing Metal Wire
• Weight-Driven Wheel-and-Drum Mechanism
• Blank verso, invisible before restoration
• Polishing machine for ground disks
• Wire-drawing machine, cranes and lifting devices
• Springs, levers and toothed-wheel mechanisms
• Weighing a fall of water, with mechanisms
• Machine driven by a 10,000-pound counterweight
• Self-turning roasting spit driven by rising heat
• How a saw cuts: kerf width, blade angle and the pull-stroke
• Machine that cuts the teeth of files by itself
• Machines for raising water; diving and water-walking devices
• Water-raising screws, wheels and counterweight pumps
• Automatic Hammer with a Self-Releasing Escapement
• Column of Figures with Faint Mechanical Sketches
• Hoists, a Screw Conveyor, and Interlocking Locking Beams
• Geared Winches and a Wax-and-Cotton Hygrometer
• Mortar Firing a Burst of Exploding Shells
• Nearly blank verso with faint offset traces
• Battery of mortars firing exploding shells
• Nearly blank verso with faint offset traces
• Machines, balances and military-hydraulic devices
• Automatic Goldbeating Hammer Driven by Geared Wheels
• Automatic Cloth-Shearing Machine (Cropping the Nap)
• Studies of Levers, Pulleys, Gears and Proportion
• Wire-drawing machine and the power of percussion
• Near-blank verso with faint charcoal traces
• Weighing materials, poisoning trees, and a water clock
• Oil Press and Studies of Screw Threads
• Bombard Ballistics and Pulley Geometry
• Machines, a hoist, and a fluted column
• Near-blank leaf with faint pencil traces
• The 'sbaratrona' counterweight throwing engine
• Counterweight versus friction on a pulley, with a winged figure
• Studies of ropes, knots and timber joints under strain
• How water rises and flows under pressure: cisterns and canals
• Fountain, timed water basins and a foundry-earth recipe
• Weighing the force of a blow: percussion experiments
• Spring-driven forge hammers
• Geared trip-hammer mechanism
• Firing props to collapse a wall; cube-root scale
• Machine for shaping and tempering points
• Winch machine with lettered lead counterweight
• Sheet of devices: sound-maker, pincers and ox-less plough
• Three bombards on elevating wheeled carriages
• The Law of the Balance: Beam, Arms and Counterweight
• The Science of the Crossbow: Force, Load and Range
• Force, Weight and Impetus in the Crossbow
• Why the Bombard Recoils: Fire, Air and Ballistics
• Quadrature of the triangle, proportion tables and perception
• The science of percussion: hammer, anvil and the blow
• Friction and counterweight in balanced weights
• Hoisting apparatus and a Milanese account entry
• A gear train to multiply motion, force and heat
• Water-lifting machine: the great wheel and vertical screw
• Compound pulley-blocks and a crossbow-spanning device
• Making a strong composite beam and arching it
• Composite beams, trusses and arches from joined pieces
• Studies of mechanisms: geared device, shaft and fittings
• Lifting gear and knapsacks with iron frames
• Machines for defending walls and handling bombards
• Mechanical studies: spring versus counterweight, siphon and gears
• Sheet of mechanical devices with weights, hinges and a wall-cladding note
• Mechanical devices, a perspective study and a small reckoning
• Proportional figures, an instrument for refraction and a cutting tool
• Faint Machine Forms Showing Through a Blank Verso
• Winding Machine, Balanced Weights and Calculations
• Silk-Doubling Machine and a Perspective Instrument
• Weights on a Curve, a Windlass, and a Clamping Machine
• Falling Water, a Balance Machine, Saws, and Prophecies
• Blank verso; recto drawings show through
• Balances, weights and motion, with sums and expense notes
• A wheel-and-cord mechanism with a hanging weight
• Mechanical Studies: Wheel, Screw Press, and a Bolt Device
• Near-Blank Verso with a Few Pen Lines
• Firearms, an Eight-Barrel Wheel-Gun, a Sling, and a Jack
• Two screw-lifting devices with numbered ratios
• Gear train for lifting: 12 wheels that raise 1000 pounds
• Hay-faced defensive walls to absorb artillery fire
• Eddies of Water and Air, and a Tangent-Angle Construction
• Notes on percussion and obliquity, with instrument sketches
• Ravelins and crossing lines of artillery fire
• Squaring circles and lunes; the motions of a twisted cord
• Coloured shadows, cord-weights, and De ludo geometrico
• Twin water gate opened together by falling counterweights
• Canal-lock gates and safe mooring in the lock chamber
• Blank side of a sheet, revealed by restoration
• Fortress Design: The Castellan's Total Surveillance
• Fortress Studies: Ravelins, Wells and Ricochet of Shot
• Geometric square construction and a radial wheel mechanism
• Compound lever press and the multiplication of force
• Wall Device to Throw Off Enemy Scaling Ladders
• Spring Catapults and Their Loading Mechanisms
• Blank Verso of Sheet 140 (Recto Mechanisms Showing Through)
• The sling: a giant stone-throwing engine
• Blank Verso of Sheet 141 (Recto Machine Showing Through)
• Stone-hurling engine with springing arms
• Studies of spring-powered catapults
• Spring engines and the release of the cords at point a
• A great torsion sling-engine driven by worm screws
• Screw-cutting tools, a weighted wheel and lifting gear
• Wheel-lock firing mechanism with three springs
• Machine studies: rollers and a counterweighted frame
• Sketches of a geared wheel, a drum-and-cord device and small mechanisms
• Red-chalk studies of wheel-and-axle devices
• A continuous balance, a clock and a band-drive lever
• Constructing the triangle of a triangular balance
• Geared wheel-and-drum mechanism with cords
• On movers, impetus, and the parts' desire for their whole
• Arrow shot from a rowed ship: motion doubled
• Wheeled bombard carriage with a screw-lowered axle-beam
• Faint geometric figures and looping lines (verso)
• Winch-drums on stands and the loose bore for a turning weight
• Weight-driven grain mill with a gear train and pendulum
• Near-blank leaf with a tiny animal sketch (verso)
• Spiked bundled devices, a folding lattice and a plummet
• Two War Machines: Sling-Catapult and Crossbow Wheel
• The power of percussion; the Naviglio Grande; a beam bridge
• Combinations of numbers and a treatise-plan on percussion
• How a bird sets its wings to descend and steer
• How a flat board falls through the air
• Bird Flight: Tail-Rudders and the Centre of Gravity
• Oblique Descent of Birds; the Childhood Kite Memory
• The lifting-stone and the fable of the mouse, weasel and cat
• On the Nature of the Surface: Boundary of Body and Air
• Studies of Falling Water Drops, Splashes and Motion
• Friction of a Pivot and the Balancing Counterweight
• Proof of the Counterweight Calculation for a Pivot's Friction
• Computing the Counterweight of a Pivot's Friction
• The sphere of air and how a bird hangs still on the wind
• Weights of the elements and the crest of a wave
• Element weights and a nature-printed leaf
• Friction of bodies equals a quarter of the weight
• Which of Two Equal Beams Is Easier to Drag?
• Centres of Gravity of Pyramids, Prisms and Cubes
• Proportion of Equal Squares Equals Their Heights
• Index for the Book on Water: Rivers, Currents and Floods
• Index to a treatise on the movements of water
• Narrative of a battle at the bridge, with pulley studies
• Studies of screws, levers, pulleys and foundations
• The spheres of fire and air: how hail and rain form
• Blank verso, invisible before restoration
• Jests, Maxims, and Workshop Recipes (dated 23 April 1490)
• Studies of the Balance: Weight, Friction, and Gravity
• Conclusions on the Balance and the Descent of Weights
• Flight of Birds, River Eddies, and a Note of Ducats Received
• Descent and Soaring of Birds, the Echo, and Rivers Moving Gravel
• Weights of the elements, and a Book on the percussion of waters
• The four elements weighed, with number tables and water chapters
• Innate heat besieged by cold, with two riddles
• Heat, moisture and the science of waters
• River flow, waves and the wearing of banks
• Water issuing under pressure from spouts
• Water from a cistern: fall, weirs and orifices
• Counterweight for a lever's friction, with a dissection note
• Friction, counterweight and the elements of machines
• Experiment on the breaking strength of an iron wire
• Blank verso, invisible before restoration
• Squaring the Circle: Lunes and Inscribed Figures
• Metalworking Recipes and a Gold Knot Design
• The Origin of Seas and a Treatise on Waves
• Balancing Pyramids: Centers of Gravity on a Beam
• Truncated pyramids and wedges: volumes and weights
• Doubling the cube, circle constructions, and a weighted chain
• The centre of a suspended body lies below its support
• Rule of Transverse Supports: the Resistance of Beams
• Balancing composite arms of a balance against each other
• The lever law: weight against distance from the fulcrum
• Weight of suspended bodies; definitions of point, line, surface
• Arch thrust, a moving body and its mover, with sums
• Heavy bodies toward the earth's center, with circle figures
• Canal locks and the physics of falling water
• Where the science of weights is deceived by practice
• Weights, plumb-lines, and squaring the circle
• Flight of birds: turning, bounding and circling in the air
• Machine-part sketches with measurements in braccia
• Water machines: float-valve cistern, bellows and mercury tube
• Kinds of Motion, with a Winch and an Ornamental Candelabrum
• Dividing Circles Between Parallel Lines
• Faint circle studies with a compass construction (verso)
• Weights on rods hung by cords; centres of gravity
• Balances, cord bends, and pulleys multiplying weight
• Proportion exercise: equalizing the ratio of 6 to 2
• The three centres of a tapering rod (pyramid)
• A rod on two cords: shifting one cord toward the middle
• How a cord's angle changes the load on it
• The center of the world in continual motion
• Blank verso, devoid of writing and drawings
• The 'sophistical' overbalanced wheel
• Statics of supports and cords, with a pulley system
• Beam balanced by six counterweights
• Balances, counterweights and the compound lever
• Weight, pulleys and proportional motion (1 August 1499)
• Equilibrium of Balances and Systems of Pulleys
• The Theory of Movers and Moved Bodies
• Balances of Proportional Weights and Divided Beams
• A Balance Compared to a Bellows Crossbar
• Nine cords supporting a beam: how force is shared
• On Motion and Weight: air compressible, water not
• A siphon to carry a river over the mountains
• Studies of Falling Water in Tubes and Vessels
• The Weight and Pressure of Water in Vessels
• Forces between two weights and a stringless arch
• The double reverse screw, a balancing spring, and a crossbow
• The Earth as a Star: the Moon, Water and the Sun's Image
• Raising a Tall Mast, a Screw for Descent, and the Body of the Earth
• Percussion, Resistance and the Powers of Ten
• Centre of gravity of a suspended weight and the balance
• Wall bracket with a pivoting arm and a hanging weight
• Squaring the circle, a pulley, and two building elevations
• Balances, Levers and the Oval Equal to a Circle
• On Equal Powers and the Descent of Weights
• Strength of beams: length, thickness and weight borne
• Beam mechanics: how a smaller angle bears more weight
• Weights on a Beam Held by Two Cords
• Force, Weight, Motion and the Blow
• Angles of Cords and the Weights a Beam Bears
• Cords and pulleys: tangency and the centre of gravity of an arc
• Beam, potential lever, and divisibility to infinity
• Pulley blocks: the cord must run perpendicular to the axle
• Block and tackle: trading weight for time and speed
• The Strength of Supports and the Scaling of Loads
• Why Lightning Bends: Motion from Dense to Rare Air
• A load on a slope and the common center of gravity
• Forces in pulleys and cords bearing a weight
• The theory of the balance: real and potential arms
• On weight and motion: heavy bodies and the four elements
• Triangle's inscribed and circumscribing circles, and the lune
• Capacity of polygons and the surfaces of cylinder and sphere
• Water through apertures, falling weights, and images in crystal
• Lines of natural and accidental obliquity; descent and impetus
• Why a bouncing ball rebounds at equal angles; the eye and mirrors
• The pupil in sudden light; ball rebound; light through apertures
• Radiation of light, sound, magnetism and smell through space
• Two maxims: the bright seen from afar, the heavy part leads motion
• Experiments on water pouring from vessels and apertures
• Studies of the Balance: Natural and Accidental Figures
• Grid of Balance Diagrams with Weight and Distance Values
• Center of Gravity of a Pyramid Suspended from a Balance
• Which Support Bears More: the Strength of Balance Arms
• Weights on Oblique Supports and Centres of Gravity
• Joined circle sectors and a sphere resting on a sphere
• Balances and weights, with prophecies and a note on flight
• Mining a fortress angle; the earth's motion and the moon
• Squaring a square with curved figures; ornament and a pulley
• Motion, fire and flame, and the riddle of the infinite
• Surfaces of the cylinder, a theatre curtain cord, and the oblique beam
• Studies of the Balance and the Centres of Weights
• The Balance: Choosing the Site of Weights by Proportion
• Pulley systems and a household expense account
• Blow and force: the motions of a weight and the crossbow
• How every body fills the air with its image; camera obscura
• Machine to raise water by a bucket-wheel and lever
• Studies of the balance: centres of gravity and arm ratios
• The balance with unequal arms: counterweights and their proportions
• Weights on inclined planes: resistance, friction and the fulcrum
• Rods loaded with numbered weights: balance studies
• A rod hung by two cords: how its weight is shared
• On the Eye: Vision by Straight Rays, and the Air Full of Images
• Reinforced Withy Bundles, and Draining the Piombino Marsh
• Mechanical and hydraulic studies on a faint sheet
• Sluice-gate construction with quadrature-of-the-circle notes
• Windlass and cord mechanics with quadrature of lunes
• Transmuting triangles and squaring lunes, with cord statics
• Forces in a cord wound on a rod, and pulley blocks
• Weights on a Beam Suspended by Two Cords
• Balance of Two Poles; Weights, Cords and Cord-Strength
• Primitive and Derived Shadow; a Sun-Moon-Eye Diagram
• Breaking Cords, Pulleys and a Balance; a Map and the Prophecies
• Pyramids and cubes: proportion, weight and the doubling of the cube
• Triangular prisms and pyramids: weight proportional to the axis
• Center of gravity of solid bodies
• The science of the balance: weights, arms and pivots
• Balance schemes and canopied frames
• The falling water-vein and the descent of dropped bodies
• Water Raised by Counterweights and the Fall of Water
• Studies of Pulleys, Gears and Springs
• The Physics of Percussion and the Generation of Sound
• Motion, Ballistics against Walls, and a Surveying Square
• Euclid's Staff and the Impact of a Ball on Fresh Earth
• Numeric tables and a radiating geometric construction
• Pulleys, levers, and beams suspended by cords
• Weighing a beam held by a slanting cord
• The nature of weights: simple rods and beams
• Suspended rods: squaring the simple rod for its load
• How suspended beams and cords share their loads
• Accelerated fall and the force of falling water
• Experiments on Falling Bodies; Measuring the Sun
• Twin Tipping Cases for a Hoisting Machine
• The Strength of Beams and Supports
• Strength of a beam and the balance of suspended rods
• Pulleys, cords and balances: how weight multiplies through tackle
• The common centre of the elements and the centre of gravity
• Archimedes, On Floating Bodies, Book II (Latin copy)
• A cone-segment floating in a fluid (Latin proof)
• Broken lever versus continuous lever; the force of falling water
• Propositions on the balance and its weights
• Statics of the balance: weight, equilibrium and oblique descent
• 'Experience never errs': friction at a weighing pivot
• Pivot friction of a crane worked out in fractions
• Mechanics of wheels: friction, axles and gear teeth
• Weights on cords over pulleys, in proportion
• Beam Suspended by Four Cords: Centre of Gravity
• The Bird as a Mathematical Instrument
• On Impetus and the Three Natures of Motion
• Great toothed wheel and cloth-winding machine
• The three phenomena: wind, rain and hail
• The balance: friction at the fulcrum and the limits of weighing
• Weights in the balance: friction and the impossibility of measure
• Lunes squared by proportion, and the percussion of balls
• Geometry of lunes and surfaces, with a note on safe falling
• Moving Earth and Heavy Loads: Levers, Carts, Oblique Motion
• Balance and Suspended Pyramids: Finding the Centre of Weight
• Weights of movers: balance beams and falling bodies
• Circle-segment geometry, the tides, and maxims on motion
• Table of squares, lunes, and figures equated by curvature
• Lunes and circles: similar figures and division of the arc
• Rivers pouring into the sea: winds, currents and sandbars
• Impetus in Fluids: Why a Fish Outswims a Bird
• Winds and Projectile Motion: The Path of an Arrow
• The North and South Winds: Their Nature and Effects
• Experiment on the Descent of Grain Through a Vessel's Hole
• How Water Moves Through the Veins of the Earth
• Motion of waves and currents; the angle of contingency
• Elements, Underground Water, and a Lifting Machine
• Levers, Motion, and Bodies Floating in Water
• Simple and Composite Motion; Impetus as a Wave
• Rolling ball: motion on the ground versus through air
• Load shared among the cords suspending a horizontal rod
• Loaded rods and the double rod balanced by cords
• Oar in water, wing in air: the equivalence of motion
• Oar and wing faster, slower, or equal to the water and air
• Motion and impetus, the bow's force, and a bridge of boats
• Bombard flame, cracked towers, and painting at a distance
• The law of the balance: arms, weights, and friction
• Cones from cylinders and the ballistics of bombards
• Polygons in circles, spiral, and area equivalences
• The squaring of lunes and circular figures
• Faded studies of luminous rays, arcs and small devices
• How air receives bodies' images in light and shadow
• How air condenses and sustains a bird in flight
• Scaling problem, balances and a boat with a paddle-wheel
• Curvilinear figures of equal area drawn from a circle
• Curved pyramids and the rolling of circles
• Weight of a bar suspended by two cords
• Balances of real and potential arms, with pulleys
• Equilibrium of a triangular figure divided about its axis
• Balancing a composite rod against a simple rod
• Levers and cords raising beams; reflex motion and balances
• Beams, pulleys and gear-trains: force, arm and velocity
• Definition of the line of direction
• The science of weights: gravity, levity and the spheric body
• Faint verso with a name inscription and a figure marked h
• Triangular Balances and Weight Calculations
• The Triangular Balance: Finding Its Centre
• The Science of Friction and the Cart Wheel
• Lever and Counter-Lever: Definitions and Right Angles
• Pyramids cut by parallel planes; triangle centres of gravity
• Centres of gravity, a waterfall, hexagons and proportions
• Light and shadow: derivative shadows, the eye, and colour edges
• The Friction of a Counterweight on a Balance
• Friction of Polished Bodies in Straight, Oblique and Curved Motion
• Friction on Horizontal and Inclined Planes
• The whole in every part: circles of sound and light
• Vaulted trusses, with notes on hot water and capillary rise
• Earth's Gravity and the Quadrature of Divided Circles
• Hammer-Driven Wedges and the Force of Percussion
• Friction and the Dragging of Weights by Inclined Cords
• Studies on the balance, power, motion and impetus
• On the kinds of motion: temporal, mental, of species and of sound
• The centre of light: shadows, the moon, and vision
• Weight, and the swiftness of the eye, sun-ray, and mind
• Weighted wheels and toothed gears for perpetual motion
• Weighted wheel and a rosette of overlapping circles
• Water raised by counterweights and finding its level
• Adjustable counterweight and a maxim on economical design
• An orbicular pyramid equal to a rectilinear figure
• Light and shadow on spheres, with sphere geometry and a comet
• Squaring the sphere's surface and branch ramifications
• Gearing, screws, water-wheels; dividing a line into parts
• Power of Water Falling on Mill-Wheels at Various Obliquities
• An Over-Balancing 'Perpetual-Motion' Wheel of Weighted Boxes
• Studies on Friction: Its Laws, Kinds, and Counterweights
• Motion of a Heavy Sphere on an Inclined Plane
• Why Thinner Axles and Larger Wheels Turn More Easily
• Rods Bending Under Weights, and the Circle Defined
• Bridge over the river Dora and the canal of Ivrea
• On winds, clouds and the origin of lightning
• Bombard powder, the line of motion, and loaded arcs
• The nature and power of the pulley; air, lightning and thunder
• Bird flight and fish swimming: turning, balance and impetus
• Balances and Weight-Calculations, with a Cloth Memo
• A Float-and-Weight Lifting Device that Works Underwater
• Transforming a cube; centres of gravity and lever devices
• River flow in narrow channels; the strength of columns
• Mediterranean currents, waterfalls, weights and a crossbow
• On the speed of ropes in pulley tackle
• Balances and Weights About the Center of the World
• Impetus, the wavering balance, and the motion of water
• Motion through acute and right angles
• Graduated Arm and Pulley Weight Tracing Concentric Arcs
• Balance Arms, Friction and Counterweights
• Propositions on bodies floating and sinking in water
• Propositions on gravity, descent and the density of bodies
• Motors that gain or lose power, and pulley tackle
• The armature of arches, and the weight of turbid water
• Rules of perspective and motion; the magnet and beam flexure
• Curve equal to straight, with maxims on knowledge
• Balance-arm mechanics, an axle-pin recipe, and a lune figure
• Mechanics of mover, moved body and instrument, with a 1500 dated note
• Physics of Flame in the Bombard and the Rocket
• Reaction Propulsion of the Rocket and the Galley Trumpet
• Weight of a Rod's End Raised to Various Heights
• Rods and Cords: Weight at Every Position
• The Crossbow-Maker's Fallacious Water-Wheel
• Squaring Lunes and Circles: Geometric Games
• Raising a Beam by Counterweights Through Right Angles
• Levers and Counterweights for Raising Beams
• Unrolling the Surfaces of Cylinders and a Pyramid
• Self-moving wheel driven by lead balls and a screw
• Suspended-beam weights and a book memorandum
• Canal-Cutting at Brivio and the Theory of Cast Shadows
• Weights and Friction on Inclined Rods
• The motion of falling water and where its violent motion ends
• On Flame: the physics of fire, wind and smoke
• Balances and weights: the centres of gravity govern the beam
• Triangular balance and proportional distribution of weights
• Bucket-wheel for raising water, with lever ratios
• Transforming rectangles: widening and shortening
• Impact of colliding spheres, with geometry of solids and circles
• Rotational rebound of struck spheres, with divisions of the circle
• Squaring lunes and dividing semicircles, with flight notes
• What Is Heavy and Light: Gravity, Water and Trapped Air
• Lever and Counter-Lever: Weights Carried by an Angled Cord
• A sphere at rest on a plane: gravity and the central line
• On sailing, driving piles, and the nature of the winds
• Weights, siphons and the winding of rivers
• Anemometer, hygrometer and geared measuring instruments
• The motion of water waves and their percussion
• Percussion of heavy bodies, a wheel system and aphorisms
• The windlass lever, suspended rods, and the machine of the air
• Algebraic place-values, a trajectory, and a column of woven rings
• Beams on two cords: equal angles, equal support
• Raising a beam by a cord: lever weights at every degree
• The three natures of ponderous motion and the nature of Force
• Geometric definitions, the bow's force, and loads on beam and column
• The Blow of a Staff Struck at Two Points
• Light Rays Through Apertures; Weight on Cords
• Four laws of heavy bodies, with a winding-beam query
• Two fables, with geometry, motion and lightning notes
• Balances, levers and small mechanisms
• Oblique balances, compasses, and the squaring of lunes
• The tides as the breathing of the Earth
• Propositions on weight and the descent of falling bodies
• A fruiting plant, the physics of impact, and the sphere of water
• Why a Long Bombard Carries Farther; Compressing Air
• Four Devices for Drawing Water; Wheel-and-Axle Reckoning
• General rules of blow and force: loaded beams and a lifting screw
• Raising a great tree upright without ropes
• Three Balances of Equal Nature
• Cords on a wheel and the law of the balance
• A beam hung by cords at equal angles carries equal loads
• Motion through right and obtuse angles: load on suspending cords
• Inclined beams and struts; the centre of a beam's weight
• What weight is; forces on beams hung from angled cords
• Inclined beams with counterweights, levers and calculations
• On the motion of flame, smoke, hail and clouds
• On the candle flame, heat and cold, and the winds
• Vision, radiant powers and the pinhole image of an eclipse
• Address to the cathedral deputies: the architect as physician
• The descent of a light body resting on a heavy one
• Balance and friction rules, and a design for a pleasure garden
• Port of Civitavecchia, church plans, and laws of the balance
• The balance: dividing the arms among four weights
• A beam hung by two unequal cords bears equal load on each
• Graduated lever over a fulcrum with a pulley and weight
• The descent of elements and the equal fall of a balanced beam
• Sheet of bracket-and-pulley statics diagrams (no text)
• Many figures, one rule: beams held by cords and pulleys
• Beams slung on cords over paired posts
• Cords bear more weight as their angle to the beam sharpens
• Sharper cord angle bears double the beam's weight
• Priming a siphon, a mill plan, and the descent of two bodies
• Faint pulley-and-shaft mechanism revealed by restoration
• Flying machine worked standing upright, with wing mechanism
• Crossbows, a wind-machine and water-wheels
• Screw jacks and geometric sketches
• Birds in the Wind, Reflection in a Sphere, and Circle Diagrams
• How Heat, Moisture and Wind Make Clouds and Lightning
• Toothed wheels, a weight-wheel, and interlace knots
• Weights on balances, with tables of powers of two
• Water emptying from two vessels; the rise of rivers
• Water-wheels: falling water versus the weight of the wheel
• More water-wheel diagrams with proportional weights
• Why is water spherical? The order of the elements
• On local motion and percussion; a diagram of rayed lozenges
• Statics of Supports and Trussed Half-Vaults
• Statics: levers, inclined planes, pulleys and balances
• Balance Diagrams with Studies of Circular Proportion
• Overbalancing wheel with rolling weights, gears and a siphon
• Great water-bucket wheel for perpetual motion (778v)
• Faint machine sketches; sheet recorded without writing (779r)
• River flow: continuity and velocity of water
• The curvature of flowing water and its sphere
• Water pressure, siphons and clock mechanism parts
• Well-bucket hoist with pulley, winch and gear ratios
• Friction, Balance and Centres of Gravity
• Nothing and the Void; Earthquakes and Lune Quadrature
• The balance: arms, weights, and the point of equality
• Wheel-less bellows filling vessel b c with air
• Theory of the balance: arms, appendicles and centres of gravity
• How Raindrops Form and the Motion of Water Veins
• Perpetual Water Instrument with Alternating Jets
• Screw-driving lever, tent frame, and notes on motion
• Wheeled machine with an opening head, and its dimensions
• Screw and framework mechanisms with load studies
• Large Braced Frame Hoisted by Screws
• Frame Raised by Four Screws
• Self-Acting Water-Raising Instrument
• Geared cart and a spring-driven mechanism
• On wind in caverns and the whirling motion of water
• Light and shadow, the balance, and sunbeams through clouds
• Raising a Column: Pulleys, Beams and the Friction of Loads
• Flame, Rising Air and the Geometry of Narrowing Triangles
• Columns of calculation and oxen dragging wheels of varied size
• Motive power and distance; a bisecting transversal
• On the Nature of Force and Weight
• Pulleys, weights, and a personal inventory list
• Mill machinery, a friction study, and pyramid geometry
• Survey of the Nirone, with river and perspective notes
• Friction in Pivots and Wheels; the Perfect Round on a Plane
• Wheels on Pivots; Crossed Optic Nerves; a Buckle Account
• Lever Hoist for Raising a Weighted Box
• Force of a thick vs. thin axle, and a furnace
• Water rising from reservoirs pressed by equal weights
• Lever linkages of bone and sinew, with household accounts
• On force and weight, with crossbow force problems
• Design for an articulated 'unjointed' mechanical wing
• Birds climbing on the wind without beating their wings
• A bird with open wings cannot fall straight down
• Statics of beams and cords, with machine sketches
• Masonry arch study with weights of a pillar and tiburio
• Wares to make, a paste recipe, and articulated levers
• A jointed rod worked by cords, and the speed of its tip
• Rod-and-spring mechanism for doubling a motion
• Spring-driven motor: 'Foundation of the motion'
• On the proportion of force and motion; crossbow questions
• Motion of falling bodies, friction, and percussion
• Architectural members and extensible lattice mechanisms
• Lever and balance problems, with a note on aerial perspective
• Man-powered machines: force on an axle, a wing, a windlass
• Statics of Beams: Levity, Gravity and the Pulley
• Toothed Wheels and Spindles: Diameters and Tooth Counts
• Mechanical Wheel with Articulated Linkages
• Self-Moving Water Machine, Coffered Ceiling and Stucco Recipes
• Diving and Floating Craft, Screws, and Scattered Notes
• Wheels as Balances and the Law of Block-and-Tackle
• Water Columns and Siphons Weighed as Balances
• Effaced Sheet of Machine Studies with the Number 100
• Statics of beams, pulleys and the balance
• Notes on the windlass, water pressure and communicating vessels
• Catapults, hoisting cranes and a bridge over deep water
• The first, slowest wheel of a clock
• The strength of columns and the proportions of capitals
• Wheels, axles and levers for hauling a cart
• The forming and breaking of a water droplet
• Hauling Machine Worked by Men, with a Horse Study
• Elasticity of bent wood and interlocked timber roof frames
• Dividing a circular sector; a note on lightning
• The balance and centres of gravity
• Harbour works, dredges and pumps
• River strata, water sediment and an oblique beam
• Mechanism of Semicircles Swapped by Pulling Cords
• Cord-Driven Semicircle Mechanisms and an Interlace Knot
• Why a Bell Seems to Keep Sounding After the Strike
• Experiments on the Strength and Bending of Beams
• Studies of Wheels, Levers and Weights on Suspended Rods
• Practice of Geometry, the Balance, and the Course of Rivers
• On Motion: Helical Movement and Spinning Cannonballs
• Draft petition on unpaid service; a weight in air and in water
• Excavating and hoisting earth, with figures of an egg-shaped mirror
• Gravity, the balance, spring-weapons and a river bridge
• Rules for an experiment on a falling weight striking a ball
• Proof that a water-wheel cannot make water raise itself
• The force of a blow, wheels, and a candle between mirrors
• Experiment on the force of a blow with imprinted earth
• A heavy sphere descending an inclined plane
• A train of fifteen wheels and pinions multiplying by twenty
• Hoisting apparatus with a great toothed wheel
• Mechanical studies: clamps, screw and funnel apparatus
• A vane balanced against the wind; equal powers and resistances
• Percussion of compressible elements; lifting screws and pumps
• Three fragments: a wheeled mechanism and shafted apparatus
• Gun carriages and a cart-pulling force test
• Lever-and-cord machine worked by hands and feet
• The mechanics of a pulley: weight, cord and 'excess'
• Letter: a crystal shipment and a family inheritance
• Statics of balance beams and loaded inclined bars
• Household linen inventory on a sheet of balance studies
• On the force of a falling body's blow
• Star-pattern geometric studies with a balance note
• A Self-Refilling Water Clock of Twenty-Four Vessels
• Hoisting Machine for Excavating Earth
• Studies of Composite Beams and Timber Joints
• Toothed Wheel, Lantern Pinion, and a Balance Sketch
• The Statics of a Rod Suspended Between Two Cords
• River-valley map with accounts, arithmetic and pulley sketches
• Surveying and pile-driving instruments for levelling ground
• Toothed wheels, shafts and a question on suspended weights
• Twin Wheels Coupled by Pins, One Turning, One Fixed
• Magic Squares, Riddles and Parlour-Trick Experiments
• Furnace and Wheel Marked 'All Hot' and 'Half Hot'
• Squaring Curved Figures and a Weight on an Incline
• Machinery for Drawing Water from a Well
• Sheet of Mounted Fragments: Knot Doodles and Notes
• A seated man lifting a weight: equilibrium and the centre of gravity
• Two mounted fragments, verso (declared blank)
• Geometry of triangles, a balance, water swirls and a house plan
• Balance beams and graduated weights, with arithmetic
• Balances and the excess of weights along the beam
• Friction on the Balance: No Weight Can Exactly Match Another
• Rotating Screw-Reservoir, Pulleys, and Weight Calculations
• Pressure in Bellows: Equal Distribution of Enclosed Air
• The Eye and Light; and Fire Struck from Iron
• Levelling Instrument and Balance Experiments
• Canal gradients and a series of balance-beam schemes
• Impetus and percussion: a man delivering a blow
• Visual pyramids, bird flight, and a worm-screw mechanism
• Perspective of vision, projectile motion, and the tides
• Force, time and space diagrams; the spheres of the elements
• Waves, impetus and the centre of gravity of a wedge
• Rivers, waves and tides; circle geometry and the impact of balls
• Circles and squares, weights in balance, and the deluge of birds
• Definitions of the plumb-line, with circle-in-square figures
• Fortification scheme, colliding spheres, and a maxim on artillery
• Percussion of spheres, arithmetic, and a large winged mechanism
• System of Joints and a Lever Analysis of a Rod
• Coiled springs and articulated chain links
• Coiled springs, spring-driven wheel and chisel percussion
• Rays converging on a lit surface, a balance and arithmetic
• Balances with weights, universal pivots, and calculations
• Verso without text; mechanical show-through
• Note on the persistence of impressions in the senses
• Retained Impressions: Sound, Sight, Water and Moving Bodies
• Rules of Percussion and the Rebound of Moving Bodies
• Balance with suspended weights and mechanical sketches
• Map of Europe, studies of human force, and a flying machine
• The terror of river floods, tides, and water in motion
• Design of a canal-digging excavator, fully dimensioned
• Bombard versus Passavolante; the Concussion of Cannon
• The Wheel on the Thinnest Axle; a Loaded Roller
• Water and Air in Joined Vessels
• A glass-vessel spinning engine and the wear of its pivot
• River flow, erosion, and the theory of the balance
• Statics of cords and pulleys, with a pile-driver
• Gear trains, a column-lifting rig, and a beam-loading rule
• Octagon construction, a balanced scoop, and fire rockets
• Cutting a file, materials by weight, and a line construction
• Spindle mechanisms and the centre of gravity
• The statics of water: vessels, counterweights and spinning machines
• Rebounds of Moving Bodies; Solid Figures Defined
• Digging Ditches: Spade-Work, Earth Weights and Gangs
• Flight of the swallow and the mechanical wing
• The balance rule for finding a counterweight
• Counterweight demonstrations, cubes, and artillery bores
• Earth-moving: filling boxes and excavator schemes
• Improving the great hoist; excavation worker schemes
• Machine for beating gold and drawing lead wire
• Gem-polishing mills, pivots and concave mirrors
• Lever-and-screw mechanism with reversing motion
• Circles in water, sound in air, and images to the eye
• A striking water-clock that sounds the twenty-four hours
• On the pivots of wheels: friction and the wearing of bearings
• On the pivots: keeping them steady and how thick pivots wear
• Wheel-driven machine for grinding points on a grindstone
• Mechanism for the motions of a small boat
• Oblique motion of weights, the sun raising the seas, and descent tests
• Antifriction Device: Wheel-and-Axle Bearing
• Geometry of triangles and circles, with balance notes
• Screws, a rack-and-pincer device and a release mechanism
• Cloth-shearing machine with concealed drive
• Spring-and-pawl release mechanism, with a flame recipe
• Levers, balances and experiments on the force of screws
• Flight studies with a pyramidal linen parachute
• On Force and Weight: Balances and Pulleys
• A Prophecy, and Studies of Levers and a Screw Device
• Overbalancing wheels and the blow of a falling stick
• Water clock driven by counterweighted reservoirs
• Mechanisms, with notes to weigh a wheel's force and water
• Weight-driven geared machine with a clock-like escapement
• Screw devices, a leather-bound tripod, and a hollow-sphere note
• Machines for raising water: wind pumps, screws, and counterweights
• Counterweight water-lift with four screws and a fully specified design
• Treadwheel hoist worked by ten men
• Winch and lever mechanism for spanning four crossbows
• Sheet of arithmetical calculations with small mechanical sketches
• Balance-beam weight studies with numeric tables
• Balance and opposed counter-weights (verso)
• Clock wheels and a steam device among small mechanisms
• Geared frame machine with lifting tackle
• Faint mechanical studies revealed by restoration
• Studies of friction, ball bearings and point contact
• Studies of springs, gears and weighted mechanisms
• Burning Mirror and an Antifriction Device
• Bird's Wings, Air Resistance and the Motion of Air and Water
• Spinning top and the motion of water in the veins
• Multi-Sheave Pulley Block and a Rule on the Weights
• Studies of Block-and-Tackle Pulleys
• Casting Furnace in Section, with Frame and Screw Gear
• Machines for Grinding Concave Mirrors
• Sheet of mechanisms, springs, flutes and a treadwheel
• Clock gear-trains, an escapement and a colour recipe
• Household inventory, the power of two bows, and a note on Nothingness
• Heat and steam devices with a rotating machine
• Perpetual-motion vessels and cord-suspension studies

Codex Arundel237 pages

• Balance-arm weights, and the opening of a new collection
• Balance arms and weights hung from angled cords
• The oscillating ("ventilating") motion and its impetus
• Three kinds of oscillating motion; weights on oblique cords
• Descent on oblique lines, centre of gravity, and balancing by proportion
• Weights on angled cords: real arms, potential arms, and their loads
• Lightening of a weight on its support; a cord pulled by two powers
• Weights Hung on Angled Cords, with a Rule-of-Three Problem
• How a Suspended Weight Varies with the Angle of Its Supports
• Potential and Real Levers; a Body Falling Through Water
• Accidental Weight, Centres of Gravity, and Unequal Balance Arms
• Elements of Machines: the Weight at a Cord's Angle
• How a Loaded Rod Shares Its Weight, and How Cords Break
• Levers, balances and the angled cord bearing weights
• Centres of gravity of squares, trapezia and triangles
• Centres of gravity of the triangle and the pentagon
• The rebound of a struck body and the angle of its bounce
• A ball rebounding within a circle: the gentlest percussion
• Moon-spots, and proportionalities for the angle of incidence
• The Angular Balance and Centres of Gravity
• Balance arms, centres of gravity, and a refutation of Alberti
• Rods, Cords and the Balance of Equal Arms
• Triangular Balance Problems and a Semicircle Riddle
• Buoyancy-driven wheel and a list of books on water
• Balances, the centre of the world, waves and crossbow range
• Theory of proportion; the four powers and the nature of gravity
• The kinship of weight, force and percussion
• Balances with friction: equilibrium on equal and unequal arms
• Friction of a loaded roller and its counterweight
• The moved body and its mover: modes of relative motion
• Prophecies, fables and an inventory, with motion studies
• Proportional figures and water likened to the body's blood
• The ceaseless turnings of water and the sponge analogy
• Concave mirrors, the cloud as a bombard, and water reshaping the earth
• A proportional compass, a dyers' cauldron, and rules of motion
• Power proportioned to its load, with geometric and tube studies
• River meanders eroding mountain roots; mill and weight notes
• Heavy bodies falling to the centre of the world
• The angular balance and equal weights on unequal arms
• Equilibrium of balances with unequal arms and weights
• The three centres of gravity of a heavy body
• Geometrical constructions and a note on double proportion of motion
• The science of the balance: weights, arms and the centre of the world
• Axioms of power, weight, and proportion (f. 79r)
• Pulleys and toothed wheels raising weights (f. 79v)
• Percussion, rebound, and weights on pulley cords (ff. 92v-80r)
• The science of the blow, impetus, and rebound (ff. 80v-92r)
• Pushing versus pulling; the force of screws and wedges (f. 81r)
• The bounce: percussion versus impetus in falling bodies
• A taxonomy of the motions and blows of heavy bodies
• Angle of rebound equals angle of incidence
• Percussion gives height, impetus gives distance
• Proportional grid and a fan of construction lines
• Reflected cold, and the bounce of a struck heavy body
• The law of equal angles for incident and reflected rays
• Impetus against percussion, and land measures
• Of the Moon: Mirrors, Rays and the Moon's Essence
• Of the Moon: Reflected Sunlight and the New Moon's Brightness
• Why Heavy Bodies Descend: Gravity and the Balance
• Of Birds: Falling Bodies, Obliquity and Pulley-Ropes
• Of the Gravity of the Excess: Tackles and Air Resistance
• Which prop best supports a loaded beam; lever forces
• Impact and Rebound: the Angle of a Bouncing Body
• Falling weights, and why the moon does not shine like the sun
• Loads on Cords and Beams; Dividing Numbers by Proportion
• Distributing a load between the cords of a suspended beam
• Finding the centers of gravity of a cone and its pyramids
• Lever and counter-lever: the potential arm equals the real arm
• The science of levers: potential and real arms
• Balances analysed by right-angled pendants and arms
• Statics of cords and supports: how weight is shared
• Motion, weight, and wheels: the mover and the moved
• Falling-body experiments and a bastion of living willows
• Centres of gravity of a body and its parts
• Centers of gravity of wedges and pyramids
• A balance with two pivots, and studies of weights
• Design notes for an earth-moving excavation machine
• Efficiency defects of the earth-moving wheel machine
• Impetus and percussion in the rebound of a moving body
• The infinite variability of percussion
• Sand ripples, weights on inclined lines, and birds in flight
• 'Nothing', percussion, and the centre of gravity of a semicircle
• Boundaries of bodies, the point, and weights on cords and a wheel
• A reed-wheel musical canon, drums, and studies of liquid motion
• Profile heads, a balancing nude, and the impetus of a bombard
• Cracks in walls, splitting vaults, foundations, and earth's strata
• Building studies: arches, vaults, a dome, and cracked walls
• Simple and compound motion; the descent of flame
• The serpentine motion of flame, with mechanical sketches
• Braziers, a study of the motions of fire, and a curve made square
• The pouring vessel: motions resolved into a right triangle
• Measuring the pouring vessel's motions: one mile per hour
• Bird flight balanced among the winds; machine-part sketches
• How a moving body loses its power; Salai's account of 1504
• The nature and origin of force
• The Four Accidental Powers and Crossbow Ballistics
• The power of the arch: chord, shoulders and where it breaks
• Cracks in walls and the breaking of arches
• Boiling water and vapour, and the definition of the point
• The point, the surface, and the elements
• How Birds Soar Against the Wind Without Beating Their Wings
• Water raised in pipes, the balance defined, and worn gear teeth
• Gravity and weights; wheels that raise water from a marsh
• On Solids, Motion, and the Nature of Time
• Time, Geometry, and Definitions of Line and Angle
• Falling Water, Heavy Bodies, and the Balance
• Gravity, levity, a sunlight mirror, and musical drums
• On Gravity, Weight and Levity Among the Elements
• Friction of weights drawn along inclined paths
• Gain and loss of friction on different slopes
• The pupil of the eye, and a struck cube that rounds
• The qualities and motions of the four elements
• A heavy body falls straight because the air cannot resist it
• Measuring a ship's speed with a mercury clock and a right angle
• Errand lists, definitions of point and line, and measuring motion
• Centres of gravity of pyramids, wedges and the tetrahedron
• Mechanical elements: beams, wheels and the pull of gravity
• Balances and the line of gravity to the center of the world
• Centres of gravity of weights hung from cords
• The centre of gravity of weights on a beam, by rule
• The sun's heat, the point, and the birth of gravity
• Book I of the Waters: point, line, body, and the sun
• The Circulation of Water Through Earth, Sea and Sky
• Heavy Liquid Moves Light: Water and Air in an Inverted Vessel
• Balance of the Lever and a List of Household Expenses
• The Divided Lever Exerts Greater Force
• Faint geometric constructions on a near-blank verso
• Centres of gravity of pyramids and circular segments
• Centre of gravity of a pentagon and of circular segments
• Free fall to the world's centre and the flow of falling water
• River meanders and flooding; the relative speed of hail and cloud
• A moving figure gains as much space as it loses
• The bending of a loaded beam, with frames and landscapes
• Household accounts with Salaì and Vante, and the physics of impact
• Central lines of motion, percussion and the rebound of blows
• Balance arms, a painter's colour account, and relative motion
• Balances, wheel motion and hauling; with calculations
• Blank recto with show-through from the verso
• Mechanical studies and a stage set for Pluto's realm
• On Retrograde Motion: Gauging the Velocity of a Cord
• Weights on a Wheel and Axle: a Force Analysis
• An Instrument to Test the Motion of Air and Water
• How Elements Weigh in Motion; Air Drawn from a Vent
• Equal Motions from Unequal Force; the Sound of Flies
• Double pump, gravity and levity, and a spiral staircase
• On weights: lever and counter-lever in equilibrium
• Lever apparatus: figure with letters
• Definitions of point, line, surface and body; the First Book of Waters
• On the weight of water and the centre of the world
• Pile-driving forces and the death of ser Piero da Vinci
• Percussion in driven piles and the gliding of birds
• How winds collide, rebound, and grow dense
• Percussion, the Spring, and the Swing
• Falling to the Centre of the World; Earth Moved by Water
• Begun in Florence, 1508: preface and weights on the balance
• The 'ventilating' (oscillating) motion and how it dies away
• Oblique descent of weights and the centre of gravity of a square
• Weights on supports, and the forces that break a cord
• Weights on beams and cords, and the mover's power
• Accidental weight in angled cords, and the potential lever
• Elements of mechanics: shared loads and how cords break
• Centers of Gravity of Squares, Brackets and Triangles
• Rebound of a Moving Body After Percussion
• The Moon's Spots and the Angle of Incidence
• The angular balance and the law of unequal arms
• Postulates on rods and balances of equal arms
• Weights and gravity, shore waves, and a crossbow's true range
• Theory of ratios; the nature of gravity and levity
• Simple equality of balances and the arithmetic of friction
• On the Moving Body and Its Mover: Kinds of Motion
• River meanders eroding valleys, with mills and a weight
• Falling bodies about the centre of the world; a two-bucket well
• The balance: arms, poles, and centres of accidental gravity
• The balance: obliquity of arms and the pull toward earth's centre
• Proportion of powers and weights (f. 79r, backlit)
• Rebound, central lines of weight, and pulley loading (ff. 92v-80r)
• Pushing versus pulling in cords, water, wedges and screws (ff. 91v-81r)
• A classification of motion and percussion in heavy bodies (ff. 90v-82r)
• Cold reflected from a mirror, and the height of a rebound (f. 85r)
• Impetus and percussion: motion between equal angles
• Impetus and percussion in inverse proportion
• On the Moon: reflected light and the sun upon the waves
• Why heavy bodies descend: the medium, not the centre
• On flyers: pulleys, falling bodies, and bird flight
• Which prop best supports a loaded beam
• Sharing two weights along a beam hung from three cords
• Centres of gravity of a cone and its inscribed pyramid
• Point d placed on the perpendicular o b p
• Levers, counter-levers and the science of balances
• The balance analysed: real and potential arms and appendages
• Weights on wheels and the fall of heavy bodies
• The centre of gravity of a body and its parts
• A balance with two poles and other small mechanisms
• The rebound of a struck body: impetus and percussion
• Sheet with small mechanical diagrams and untranscribed notes
• Points, lines and surfaces as 'nothing'; a semicircle's balance
• Point, line and surface as 'nothing'; a weighted wheel
• Structural cracks, drying clay, and the earth's strata
• Simple and composed motion; falling flame and reflected suns
• A sealed brazier, notes toward fusion, and a right angle in a circle
• Compound motion: the right triangle of fall and cross-motion
• Mechanical devices and a weighted quadrant
• Projectile motion, a jibe at doctors, and Salai's expenses
• The Nature of Force: Daughter of Motion, Mother of Weight
• Cracks in Walls and the Fracture of Arches
• The boiling of water and the geometry of the point
• Densely written sheet with a serpentine curve
• How a bird takes flight and soars against the wind
• Water in pipes, the balance, and the wear of gear-teeth
• Densely written sheet of natural-philosophy notes
• On Time, the Point, the Line, the Angle and the Surface
• Falling Water, Heavy Bodies, and the Balance's Angles
• A hanging weight passes wholly into its support; friction on a slope
• The pupil of the eye and percussion in dilatable material
• Earth beneath water, rebound at equal angles, and the four elements
• A quicksilver timer for measuring a ship's speed at sea
• Mechanical elements: loaded beams and wheels
• Centres of Gravity of Weights Hung on Cords
• The Golden Chain: Heat, Cold, Gravity and Levity
• Water moves air: heavy and light contend in a sealed tube
• The Divided Lever versus the Whole: Force and Lift
• Centres of Gravity of Pyramids and Circular Segments
• The Motion of Falling Bodies and of Falling Water
• Bending of a loaded beam, with frames and mechanisms
• Loan records of 1503 and notes on impact
• Pigment prices, balances and relative motion
• Studies of beams, trusses, levers and rollers
• Wear of a pivot; a stage-mountain that opens
• A weight distributed across wheels, handle and poles
• Weight, water and air in motion; a name jotted
• Mechanical devices, hatched solids and radiating figures
• Double water-pump, siphons and a spiral staircase
• Lettered balance and wheel diagrams
• On point, line and body; first book of the waters
• Pile-driving mechanics; the death of Ser Piero da Vinci, 1504
• Pulley mechanism, solids, and candlesticks (transmitted light)
• Musical canon wheel, timpani, and notes on the motion of liquids

Codex Forster I19 pages

• Water-driven perpetual-motion machine, with two rebuses
• Pump for drawing water from a well; perpetual-motion screw
• Water-lifting screws and pumps for continuous motion
• Perpetual-motion instruments driven by water screws
• Screws and pumps for continuous water motion
• Shooting an arrow farther, and a double water screw
• Pump-driving wheel trains and a self-turning weighted device
• Pump drives, a self-turning water-and-lead wheel, and a stream-driven screw
• Pendulum-driven mill, a screw pump, and paired self-turning tanks
• On Weights, and How to Measure a Tower's Height
• Water-Screws and Bucket Systems for Raising Water
• Bucket-Wheel in Arched Channels, and Piston Pumps
• Water-Lifting Machines: Vaned Cylinder and Self-Balancing Pumps
• Screw, Siphon and Bucket-Wheel Water-Raising Machines
• Pump Machinery: Toothed Quadrants, a Wheel-Screw and Conduits
• Caged Archimedean Screw and Cone for Draining a Marsh
• Half-Cylindrical, Half-Pyramidal Screws for Perpetual Lifting
• Water-screws: a helical and a conical lifting screw
• Water-screws in cylindrical and conical cages

Codex Forster II221 pages

• Folio 2r: Rectangles in a Semicircle; Note on Capacity
• The penetrating power of the bombard
• An inclined beam held by three cords
• On motion: testing a model trebuchet
• Mechanism with balance beam, wheel and timing notes
• Sand heaps, a divided circle and a number series
• Number Progressions and a Weight on Pulleys
• Rotating beam, inclined planes and an irregular pentagon
• Rod set diametrically across a circle
• On motion: the line of movement and the throwing-stick
• Why one large bell carries farther than many small ones
• Gear-train sketch with pen note and red-chalk figures
• On motion: force, weight and distance in throwing a stone
• Bone-structure of a bird's wing: three sources of power
• On tensioning strings tuned in octaves
• Proportion of powder and barrel in a small firearm
• Multiples 3 6 9 with a diagram of the earth's sphere
• The Bounce of a Cannonball: Trajectory and Proof
• On Weight: Flinging the Arms on a Balance
• Greater and lesser inequality; air resisting a man's arms
• Weight of a man on a ladder, and his centre of gravity
• Can cloud motion be known from their shadows?
• Note on the friction of the timbers at a b
• A wedge driven under a beam, and a perspective diagram
• On motion: air resistance and the fall of weights of 16 and 1
• Why a running man and horse bear less weight
• A Turning Wheel and the Loading of Its Pole
• A Balance That Lifts Infinite Weight
• Balance with weights and a square inscribed in a circle
• On Motion: the Bombard that Casts its Ball Farthest
• On Motion: a Crossbow Casting Weights of Differing Thickness
• On Motion: the Forms of Bombards and their Blasts
• On Motion: a Weight Dropped through the Centre of the World
• On impact: a rule for the powder charge of projectiles
• Later inscription: 'Mechanica potissimum'
• Free fall and a ship's buoyancy; a capped head
• Weight of suspended beams shared among their cords
• Weights on a pair of connected suspended beams
• Dividing a beam's weight among added cords
• Unequal cords bear the same weight unequally
• Beam on three cords loaded by three weights
• On motion: a sand cone and a rotating sorting vessel
• Four beams balancing their weights; a screw of varied thread
• On motion: a cannonball in fog and an arrow bending in water
• On the bombard: degrees of velocity as fractions of a circle
• Falling bodies keep equal intervals; a roof section of the Castle
• Velocity of bombards: fire, powder and weight of the ball
• Bombard diagram with measures of motion and a quadrant
• Bombard with a Flattened, Cheese-Shaped Stone Shot
• The Law of the Block-and-Tackle
• Balancing Two Tackle-Hung Weights at m and n
• Pile-Driver Raised by a Man with Pulley and Rope
• Pile-Driver with Access Ladder and Geared Hoist
• Three Suspended Rods: Combining Movers and Counter-Levers
• The Crossbow: Blow and Motion Given to the Arrow
• Weights Held by Cords Wound on Rollers
• Loading Cords with Rings and Wedges
• Two Weights on a Compound Pulley Block
• Wedges Driven into a Wooden Block with a Mallet
• Four Screws with Different Thread Pitches
• Three screws and why a screw bends when it presses
• Trading time, force, motion and weight to lift a load
• Strength of square, triangular and right-angled screw teeth
• Finding the centre of three weights hung at random distances
• Centre of gravity of a suspended triangle divided in nine
• Loads on a balance beam carried by a support pole
• Balance Beams and the Sesquitertian Ratio of Weights
• The Weight of the Balance Arms Must Be Counted
• Water Tenfold the Volume of Lead; a Geared Counterweight Device
• The Quadruple Pulley and the Cubic Rule for Cord Loads
• Eight Pulleys on a Beam: Doubling of Power Along a Cord
• Two Pulley Systems: How Four Pounds Loads the Top Cord
• Pulley rigs and the weight a cord must bear
• Weights hung along an inclined and a horizontal beam
• Oblique beam held in place by two weights, one via a pulley
• Friction is separate from weight: moving loads on a plane
• Weight hung by cords versus weight on rollers
• Testing the friction of a dragged load
• Raising 100 lb up an incline; the labour of the screw
• Loaded beams, double scaffolds, and the strength of angles
• Beams, pulleys and counterweights; weighing the blow
• Twelve beams bent into arcs by hanging weights
• Ten timbers bent into arcs by weights and tie-rods
• Why the overbalanced wheel cannot turn forever
• Wheel for Perpetual Motion: Rebound of the Counterweight
• Wheel for Perpetual Motion: Weight Beyond the Pole
• Wheel for Perpetual Motion: Eight Balls in Twelve Channels
• Wheel for Perpetual Motion: Proof of Impossibility
• Load-Bearing Arches: Counterweights Against Collapse
• The Center of the Weight Rests Below the Pole
• Weight slid along a suspended beam; thrust of octagon arches
• Two equivalent beams sharing a load with the pivot
• The law of the balance-wheel and its force
• A counterweight turning a train of wheels
• Suspended beams under weights, tested by experiment
• Crank-driven shaft raising weights by pulleys
• A Loaded Beam and the Strength of Its Span
• Two Suspended Beams of Differing Obliquity
• Weight Raised by a Large Screw
• Balanced Rods and Weights on Pulleys
• Two Suspended Rods and the Division of a Load
• Confirming the Balance Proof with Weights 4 and 2
• Weights on cords: equal angles load both ends alike
• Weights on cords: a halved angle doubles the load
• Weights on cords: end-loads follow the ratio of the angles
• Why a small auger needs no guide but a large one does
• Why a fast-spinning pierced body does not hide what is behind it
• Distributing a hung weight to the ends of a cord
• Two cords equally loaded; three vessels pouring water
• Rod-and-pulley weight systems; a fountain spouting from three pipes
• Winding beam that raises one weight as it lowers another
• A loaded cord and its counterweight: correcting the 32 for 4
• Two tested horizontal rods and the rule for a loaded cord
• The perpetual-motion wheel: finding where its weights come to rest
• Weight Hung by Many Cords from a Balance Beam
• Balancing Three Weights with Two Counterweights
• Placing an 8-Pound Counterweight Against Three Loads
• Weighing by Percussion Along a Hinged Arm
• Weight of Balls on a Support of Varying Obliquity
• Experiment to Measure the Force of Percussion
• Force needed to draw a cart up a slope
• Finding the centre of two suspended weights
• Weight on an oblique line (like folio 108r)
• Weight moved through a quarter circle
• Moving and moved weight over a pulley
• Equal load felt by a cord at two points
• Experiment on thick vs. thin fulcrums and ease of motion
• Balance beam with weights in double proportion
• Suspended rod balancing weights at m, a and n
• Three weights raised on a rope through pulleys
• Pulley weights and the law of constant resistance
• Will two weights lift the load f? A pulley problem
• Weights on Pulleys and How Much They Lighten a Load
• Motion of a Ball Along the Chords of an Arc
• Where a Suspended Rod Hangs: Centre and Obliquity
• Centre of Gravity of Two Joined Rods
• Centre of Gravity of a Loaded Rod
• Definitions of Gravity, Weight and Lightness
• Gravity, force, percussion; water poured between two pipes
• Water poured between vessels of different bore
• Constructing the triangular balance
• Placing four weights on the experimental balance
• Constructing the quadrangular balance
• Positioning three weights on a suspended rod
• Triangular balance: a worked example with weights 3, 6, 1
• Seven triangular-balance cases worked out in numbers
• Finding the weight positions without knowing the fulcrum
• Which of two weights sits nearer the balance's pole
• Greatest and smallest weights are set opposite the middle
• The triangular balance stays steady in any orientation
• Making a triangular balance
• Loads on cords bent over pulleys
• Cart wheels and the ease of hauling
• The greatest ease of motion: friction and the wheel on its axle
• A perfect circle touching a plane at a single point
• A falling cube and equivalent pulley systems
• Triangular balance of three equal arms
• Equidistant centres of weight and the earth's shifting centre
• The centre of weight of a composite rod
• Composite and simple rods in equilibrium
• Why an oblique suspended rod rights itself
• Two connected weights falling onto a crossbeam
• A wire-drawing die and rods sustaining weight
• Falling weights and the force of their blow
• Water or wind striking obstacles at different angles
• Impact of a square body versus a round body
• On friction: its simple and composite kinds
• On Friction: Thin Media and Rollers That Ease Rubbing
• On Friction: Contact Area and the Wearing Compass Point
• On Friction: Why No Perfect Circle Can Be Drawn
• Wheel for Perpetual Motion
• Finding the Centre of Gravity of Seven Suspended Weights
• Four Suspended Rods with Weights: A Simpler Balance Case
• Suspended Rods: Locating the Center of Gravity of Weights
• Four Balanced Rods: Center of Gravity Always at Line m n
• A 15-Pound Load on Three Cords: Dividing Weight by Proportion
• General Method for the Center of Gravity of Weights on a Rod
• Suspended Rod: Working the Weights by Multiplication
• Three Weights on a Rod and the Law of the Lever
• Finding the pole of a balance from its two weights
• Suspended beam and a ball on an inclined plane
• Distributing 12 pounds onto the three cords of a beam
• Centre of the cords divides the beam as 4 is of 6
• Equal loading of three equidistant cords on a beam
• Midpoint of the cords divides a beam by its opposite weights
• Balance rod: proving the equality of suspended weights
• Suspended rods with notes on impetus and motion
• Rod on eight cords: equal sharing of a weight
• Ball on an inclined plane: time and velocity of descent
• Mixed motion and the double-curve path of a thrown ball
• Pulley and cord: how the cord's angle changes the force
• Suspended beams and the velocity of falling weights
• A rod on a support: equal effort to raise or to lower
• Rods hung by cords: the cord nearer the centre bears more
• Three cords sharing a beam's weight in equal parts
• Distributing four pounds among three cords on a beam
• A general method for the load on each cord of a beam
• Dividing a load among a rod's suspension points by proportion
• Five paired rods with stepped weight ratios
• Balancing rods by sub-double and sub-quadruple ratios
• Weights suspended from a disc by three cords
• Load shared between two cords on a suspended rod
• Six suspended rods: a 'universal rule' of weights
• Weight of a rod shared between two suspending cords
• Weight transferred between a fixed and a moving cord
• Rod on two cords: weight change with unequal spacing
• Proportional rules for the weights on two cords
• Symmetric versus one-sided motion of the cords
• Weights on cords, and the acceleration of falling bodies
• How a suspended rod shares its weight between two cords
• Balance with arms in double proportion, tested by experiment
• Double-proportion balance and centres of solid figures
• Equal arms and the spaces from centre to pole of a balance
• Balance beam a m n o p: reducing weights to the pole
• The true centre of gravity of a balance's arms
• Center of Gravity of Balance Arms
• Center of Gravity of a Rod with Two End-Weights
• Defining the Arms of a Balance
• Weight and the Resistance of Its Support
• Weights of Pyramids on Equal Bases
• Wax crayons, a bouncing muddy ball, and a wine note

Codex Forster III72 pages

• Faint studies of a suspended rod and a device
• Communicating vessels: a stone raises the water
• Weights on a beam swung from vertical to horizontal
• Two loaded beams: testing the sag of an arch under a hung weight
• Two beams made to prop each other by a hanging weight
• Two bells of equal weight but double size sound lower
• Communicating vessels: water pressed up through a pipe
• Strength of a beam set vertical, horizontal and oblique
• Why heavy bodies fall: driven to the center of the spheres
• The centre of the world and the centre of the earth's weight
• Heavy parts long to return upward; three cited authors
• Blocks joined by a rod
• Mechanism with a wheel and rods
• The most-loaded part of a lower support
• Joined horizontal rods with numbers; a maxim on experience
• Screw-held tilting mechanism with a heavier arm
• Part of a building; two pyramids hung at their centre of gravity
• The chimney-sweep: force of a body braced in a flue
• Passavolante and pincers: two problems of force
• Hammer and nail; a note on cruel and kindly Nature
• Allegory of Ink and Paper, with a Note on Air Resistance
• Cross-section of the head: scalp, skull and brain layers
• A weight upon a support, with a prayer to the Lord
• Carpenter's joints, tools, and a red-chalk furnace
• Interlocking joints for a lock; a definition of impact
• On the weight an animal can move by its own strength
• Casting recipes and a rod hung from two cords
• Compound Flight of an Arrow, with a Double-Bow Crossbow
• Proportion Between a Thrown Stone's Motion and Its Mover
• Weight-Pulling Machines of Equal Power, with a Hydraulic Wheel
• Sketches of Mechanisms
• Pyramid suspended at its centre of gravity; circles
• Why a man sliding on ice does not fall
• Device for weighing the force that turns a millstone
• Device for weighing a fall of water
• Experiments on the motion of turning wheels
• Balanced bars, added sums, and a court-hall measurement
• Divided bars and weight-boxes with paired numbers
• Beam rotating in a quadrant: balancing a against b
• A falling heavy body seeks the centre of the world
• A weight on two beams meeting head to head
• Rod Hung by Two Cords: Lightening of a Load
• Hammer Driving a Nail into a Wooden Frame
• Crossing Bodies Appear Multiplied; Birds' Wings
• Suspended rods and a balance beam with weights
• Centre of gravity of a suspended weight
• Intermittent-motion gear with a stepping wheel
• Curvature of the Earth, Towers, and Mechanisms
• Shearing Machine, Pulley Weights, and a T-Instrument
• The crushing weight of deep water
• Two aphorisms: gravity and the pupil who surpasses his master
• Friction of stacked weights, with an old woman's bust
• Weights suspended from angled rods
• Weights suspended from angled rods
• Cords on rollers: what weight at m lifts 10 pounds at n
• Motion of water: a vortex and water draining through a hole
• Why circles on water do not break where they cross
• Percussion and a cord loaded over a level beam
• Cross-armed hub mechanism
• Arch of beams balanced by counterposed weights
• A beam rotating through a quarter-circle
• Calculating the power of a screw and lever
• Force of pulley blocks, with arithmetical notes
• The force of pulley-blocks and how to reckon it
• Load, lever and winch: proportion of weight to force
• Multiplying body-weight by the wheels of a tackle
• The pulley wheel as a perfect balance
• Balancing unequal counterweights; a moral aphorism
• Calculations for a tackle: rope drawn versus load raised
• Force, weight, time and motion in tackle blocks
• A twenty-wheel pulley train and its windlass
• Pulleys and the Windlass: Cord Gathered in Lifting

Codex Madrid I335 pages

• Spanish title page: treatise on statics and mechanics
• Preface: a petition to the reader and perpetual motion
• Eccentric cam-wheel and the flaws of machine motion
• Cranks on a shared bar: the problem of full rotation
• The teeth of wheels and why clocks keep unequal time
• An inclined rack, a crown-gear, and 'contrary rubbing'
• Where an arch breaks, and the true running of rollers
• On Wheels: Gear Trains and the Matching of Teeth
• Verb List in 'abb-' and the Power of Gear Teeth
• A Spring-Driven Toothed Drum and the Unequal Force of Springs
• The 'Mistress' Balance and Tests of Springs and the Screw
• Gear-Tooth Contact, Leverage and Friction
• The Common Center of Earth and Water; a Bell Motion
• Why a Sunlit Sphere Casts a Columnar, Not Conical, Shadow
• Linkages that Convert Lifting into Sliding Motion
• Motions for Clockwork: Contrary, Reciprocating, Push-and-Pull
• Springs, a Screw and a Quarter-Circle Among Machine Elements
• Clockwork devices and a definition of discontinuous motion
• Clock spring, ratchet teeth, and self-releasing weight hooks
• Great wheel driving a lantern pinion with a counterweight
• A wheel best kept near its poles; crank-and-rod motions
• Meshing lantern-pinion teeth; right and left motion
• Hour-striking clock mechanism and counterweight balances
• Worn pivots and the best bearings for wheels
• Wear of gear pivots, steel bearings, and tooth ratios
• Gear-train directions, spring winding, and gimbal rings
• Spring winder with worm screw, and centerless wheels
• Making a clock's mainspring, and rules for screws
• The fusee: equalising a spring's diminishing force
• Gear trains, shaft torsion and skewed tooth-meshing
• Reciprocating motion from a one-way handle (7th species)
• Screws that push and pull, and weight balanced on its pole
• Gun-lock firing mechanism, endless screw and springs
• The perpetual screw and its equality of force in clocks
• Reversing gear-train and the balance of a loaded screw
• Gear-tooth wear and a one-way ratchet clutch
• Wooden-ball bearing and the turning of pinions
• Intermittent Reversing Gear and the Momentum of Flywheels
• Two Flywheel Mechanisms with Shaft, Roller and Toothed Rack
• Self-Gripping Lifting Tongs that Hold Tighter Under Load
• Harnessing a Tall, Thin Waterfall to Drive a Bucket Wheel
• Cord Drives versus Toothed Gears: Silence against Din
• Toothed wheels driving sliders along channels
• A lifting jack and the force needed to raise a weight
• Rollers versus balls, and the bending of loaded supports
• How wheels drive one another and their turning
• Clock counterweight and transverse motion from one wheel
• A striking clock: the going train and hour-striking gears
• Two devices for slow reciprocating motion
• Motions of unequal force from off-centre driving wheels
• Varying power in an eccentric drive and a two-wheel gear
• A pinion that advances, returns and rotates in a ring
• Wheel driving an axle in and out through a slot
• Half-toothed wheel and twin pinions driving a reciprocating axle
• Studies of shadow, light-angles, and the cutting of a saw
• Types of pivots and a vane that catches the air
• Push-and-pull wheel motion and a weighted water tube
• Weighing lead against water: a specific-gravity experiment
• Hauling weights on wheels: line of traction and a twin-nut screw
• Loading a bombard onto a cart: Lombard and German methods
• Screw versus wheel: equal work by two men in one hour
• Worm screw driving a toothed rack
• Geared windlasses with toothed wheels for hoisting
• Compound levers built from toothed wheels and pulleys
• Raising a spar: the level line versus the oblique
• Instrument fitted to a beam's end to raise it with a lever
• Beam that raises itself by rocking on a toothed post
• Rotary hauling machine that pulls loads of any shape
• Spring-driven gear drum with tempered spring and turning spool
• Medal-stamping press and the impact of a single-tooth lifting wheel
• Horse-driven walnut-oil mill with striking pestles and wedges
• A train of nine wedges and the halving of impact force
• Key-operated grappling hooks, pivot motion and hammer percussion
• Rope-and-stirrup device for climbing from low to high
• Why clocks run slow in damp weather; force along the line of motion
• Keys, latches and screw-jacks for lifting
• Springs and counter-levers acting on an iron catch
• A spring lock released by a key, and coupled lever motion
• The science of projectile flight and crossbow design
• The Crossbow: Force, Weight and the Flight of Bolts
• Primary and Derivative Force; a Four-Wheel Gear Train
• Force as Line and Arc: an Eightfold Proportion
• Force, Weight, Percussion and Motion: the Four Powers
• A Screw-Bent Saw for Cutting Iron; Crossbow Force Ratios
• Range of a stone-thrower and the physics of the crossbow
• Compound screw with seven nuts and the 'sophistic wheel'
• The reversed screw (vite retrosa) and a self-moving cart
• Ballistics of the bombard: firing upward and with the wind
• Descent of arrows and their penetration into the ground
• Firing an arquebus into a hooped barrel
• Gunpowder versus crossbow force, and a mirror drop test
• Marking a point on a spinning wheel; laws of gravity
• Ricochet of bombard balls and a 700-pound ball's 28 bounces
• A spring-driven clock escapement tooth
• A device to break a fall: percussion cushioned by wool
• Percussion and bounce; a tool to draw out a crossbow bolt
• Studies of the bent lever and its lifting forces
• Apparent speed of runners; weight over a wedge
• Friction and the motion of weights over planes
• An axle borne on two wheels, and a large geared wheel
• Self-closing door latches, hinge-straps and screw fittings
• Door hardware and a screw-press: locks, bolts and force
• A spinning machine for eighteen women: wheels and gearing
• Pulleys for lifting weights and a geared train
• The 'wheel of augmentation' machine
• The fall of water onto mill wheels
• A man-powered treadwheel and cart-wheel motion
• Clock hammers, the worm screw, and equal effort on a bar
• Balancing a heavy body with oblique cords; a man-powered mill
• The balance: equal weights and the angle of the cords
• Lifting a heavy body: spiritual and material levers
• Bending a body by a cord: powers of the motors a b c d e
• Rule to find the centre of the arc of right angles
• Dragging a weight of 12 with friction; the lever rule continued
• General rule for bending a heavy body about its pole
• Friction on a Loaded Cord and a 'Sophistic Motion' Device
• Onset of Sliding Friction and Oblique Pulling
• How Angled Cords Carry Extra 'Accidental' Weight
• Loads in the Three Cords of a Suspended Beam
• Cords Under Accidental Load; 'Tested' Beam Experiments
• Weights on cords and levers: a general rule of proportion
• Loaded Struts and the Sharing of Weight on Supports
• The general rule of loaded cords proved on the triangle
• A glossary of geometry for the science of weights
• A weight on a pulley finds the middle of a slack cord
• Springs for locks: weak-and-wide versus strong-and-short
• Weight of a Body Turning on a Wheel or Rod about a Pole
• Free Fall and the Articulated Lever
• Plan for a Treatise on the Screw and its Lever
• The Simple Beam-Balance and a Furrow-Straightening Plough
• Balance-beam experiments and a rule of division
• Self-disengaging screw-and-nut mechanism
• On the bending of springs; tempering iron; dragging loads
• Springs and the fusee: equalizing a spring's force
• Jack teeth, dragged loads, and crossbow springs
• Crank handles converting rotary motion into saw-like reciprocation
• Screw and windlass: obliquity of the thread and lever proportions
• Resting angle of a leaning beam; gear trains for contrary motions
• Statics of the balance: how a hung weight divides between two cords
• Balance with pyramidal arms; distinguishing weight from cord-force
• Acceleration of falling bodies: velocity gained, time lost
• Counterweights on a balance and the infinite
• How a struck cube dilates into a circle
• The centre, the struck cube, and a man's leap
• A rope-and-lever linkage that raises a foot
• Cam-wheel and trip-hammers (faint leadpoint study)
• Cam-wheel raising three hammers
• Cones that raise a wheel's teeth to turn it
• Steering carts and three rotating loads
• Crossbow release and the lever of a screw
• Force and motion of the lever and screw
• Water, air and fire forced through tubes by wind
• Percussion and circular motion of water in a vessel
• Gear-tooth durability and a device to lock a power
• The man-treading wheel: body weight versus force in hoists
• Wheels and lantern-pinions: tooth counts and direction of drive
• Faint machine sketches on 97v; folio 98r left blank
• Balances on pivots and the key mechanism
• Six one-pound weights and their counterweights
• Fixing pivots with simple and double wedges
• Wear of mill-lantern spindles and ox-horn oiling
• Types of pivots, including a universal joint
• Pivot bearings and gear-tooth lever engagement
• Three balls under a pivot beat four: wear and friction
• Anti-friction wheels stacked to infinity; steel pivots
• Wear of pivots by position; two contrary motions
• Friction reduced toward infinity; a giant calculation
• Silk-winding machine with worm gear and spring tensioner
• A Wedge Running in a Channel to Press an Object
• Axioms of Statics: Equal Weights on a Balance
• Propositions of Statics: Weights, Cords and Supports
• Weights on Right-Angled Arms: Equilibrium by Position
• Levers and Counterlevers: Real and Potential Arms
• Weights on Cords and a Screw for Forcing Things Apart
• Real and Potential Arms of the Balance; a Graduated Wheel
• Angles and Rectangles of the Balance: Real, Semireal, Potential
• The Three Right Angles of the Balance
• Gravity, Resistance, and the Beginning of Motion
• Two Roman Amphitheatres Revolving to Form a Theatre
• Of Water: Why Water Driven Under Water Does Not Whistle
• Of Water and Weight: Floating Wood and Shapes in Currents
• The Power of Percussion: Hammers, Impact and Weight
• On the Percussion of Dense Bodies
• Reducing Friction on a Pole, and the Thrust of Arches
• The Restless Sphere of Water, and Movers versus Moved
• A Weight-Driven Table Fountain and the Force of Compressed Air
• Nature of the Motion of Water: Two Fountain Machines
• Clock Mechanisms and the Air-Braked 'Tempo' Regulator
• Teeth and their alignments in meshing wheels
• A tripled pawl tooth and its spring on a retaining wheel
• The ritenaculo: a ratchet wheel and its serving pawl
• Form of gear teeth and wear of axle-pivots
• The pivots of wheels: friction, wear and lubrication
• Axle-pivots: wear, bearing metals, and balancing a crank
• Screw-driven toothed wheels and a diamond-tipped drill
• Gear teeth, toothed wheels, and the pinion
• The screw and friction; screw power measured by the lever
• Measuring the force of the screw and its triple friction
• Why loads roll easily: axle friction and the lever
• Definition and division of motion
• Wedge-and-tooth haulage, likened to a screw
• A crank that turns a wheel one way; a floating ship
• Axle natures; why a multiplying wheel hinders water-raising
• The nature of water: pipe width and the height it rises
• Rebound, water in pipes, bellows, and lifting by descent
• Studies of a heavy beam moved on rollers, wheels, and sledges
• Why a hammer-blow fails to drive an iron peg from wood
• Heaps of falling powder and circular waves in a struck vessel
• Raising a beam: lever, counter-lever, and center of weight
• Finding the center of gravity of a triangular pyramid
• Force-pyramids and the true centre of gravity
• The pyramidal power of the balance arms
• Balancing unequal arms by inverse proportion
• General rules of the balance
• How a weight loads its support
• Resistance of a support and its distance from the base
• Definitions of Motion and Blowpipes for Pellets
• A Classification of the Kinds of Motion
• The Perfect Balance and a Black-and-White Water Experiment
• Impact of Balls, a Water Splash and the Wearing of an Axle
• Winding Wheel, Roller Between Pulleys and the Carmine Device
• Levers, the Perfect Balance and a Proof against Pellacane
• Balance puzzles and the centre of gravity of a quadrilateral
• Which fall of water strikes a wheel hardest
• Beam deflection, water weighed in a pump, and stable supports
• How supports of doubled length bend under one weight
• Which of four arcs bends most under equal weight
• Loading five arcs to one and the same deflection
• How loaded beams bend under weight
• Sharing a beam's load between its two supports
• A balance instrument and beams resting on beams
• Levers, counterweights and a self-closing door
• Bending of framed beams and the loading of pointed arches
• Friction, supports and where a loaded arch breaks
• Friction Between Bodies and the Bending of Loaded Beams
• The Right-Angle Rule, Centre of Gravity of a Raised Beam, and the Wedge
• Loads on Raised Members, an Arch's Thrust, and a Warning to Architects
• The Weight of Deep Water on a Man, and Ultra-Sensitive Balances
• Counterweights on a Steelyard and Why a Wall Settles Away From Its Batter
• Centre of gravity of a triangle and a hanging pillar
• An arrow shot straight up; a river current and a bridge
• Force versus weight; a pontoon bridge in a river current
• Definitions of gravity; a glass-tube quicksilver balance
• On weight (De peso): reworked definitions of gravity
• What weight and its centre are; impetus and a clock vane
• Centre of gravity and a device for weighing water
• The three species of centres within a heavy body
• Natural and accidental motion: pendulum and thrown stones
• An overbalanced weight-wheel and its percussions
• Why the weight-wheel is 'sophistical' and will not turn
• Tension in a loaded cord and pressure in a water cistern
• Screw-jacks, wedges, and driving oblique-pointed piles
• Force of enclosed water; falling weights and hung loads
• Water's force on a cistern's bottom versus its sides
• Why water rises only 12 times the lead piston's height
• The impossibility of perpetual motion; jets from pipes
• Force, weight, motion, time; water jets from tubes
• On the counterweights of clocks
• Centre of gravity of a triangular prism; dragging a beam
• Centre of gravity of the pyramid; levers, beams and loads
• Sighting a crossbow with a mirror; ties and struts
• Why a twisted rope's outer strands bear the most load
• Why tall columns and loaded ropes fail; ropes in pulley tackle
• Cord strength, weight and resistance; the flight of an arrow
• The imperfect pivot of the balance; proportion of weights
• Sharing a load among balance cords by the rule of proportion
• Finding weights from their spacing; bounce of a rolling ball
• Gears, worm-screws and clock movements; where a rope breaks
• Distribution of a hung weight between two angled cords
• Defining the line of motion and the line of gravity
• Accidental weight, called force; balance diagrams
• Cords, a struck cube, and the corded triangle a b d
• Transverse motion of a weight; lifting a long load by its centre
• Gravity toward the centre; balls falling by different slopes
• Descending balls and the dragging of beams
• A weight acts only through its perpendicular
• Weights on cords and the collision of thrown balls
• How the angle of the perpendicular loads a support
• Supports, balance arms, and four pulls of a ball
• The balance law and a water-driven mirror polisher
• Rule of Weights and the Compound Motion of a Toothed Wheel
• How the Thickness of a Cord Shares a Suspended Weight
• Two Cords of Unequal Thickness Sharing One Weight
• The Simple Beam of a Balance and Where Its Weight Lies
• Rule for Computing How a Beam Distributes Its Load
• Suspended and Angularly Supported Weights
• Load shared between two cords supporting a beam
• Rule of weight: added length unloads a support
• Cords sharing a beam: equal and proportional loads
• Oblique versus level windlasses
• Windlasses, rope-drums and the pressure in a bag
• Plate of beam, winch and pulley figures
• Balance-arm diagrams: proportional weights and pulleys
• The general rule of weights on the arms of the balance
• Beginning of the book: support strength and lever balance
• Load carried by pulleys and little wheels on a shared cord
• Folding wooden joints for portable tables and pavilions
• Weights over unequal wheels, and the friction of dragging a beam
• Weight, rope and roller: why unequal diameters foil the motion
• Weight, blow and the multiplying wheel
• The longer the cord, the easier the sideways pull
• Percussion and rebound: how a blow spends its impetus
• No machine multiplies power: agent and patient weights
• Levers, screws and counterweights: force cannot be increased
• On contact and motion: friction of a sliding weight
• Raising weights by inclined plane, pulley, screw and capstan
• Wheels, axles and the perfect sphere at rest
• Center of gravity and the bending of loaded supports
• The law of the balance and motion on wheels and rollers
• Blows, the rounding cube, quicksilver and rising fire
• On the Blow: united and disunited percussion
• On the Blow: how struck iron and cubes deform
• On Blow and Motion: percussion through air and water
• Blow and Force as accidental weight
• The Blow in indivisible time; weighing bodies in water
• Weight: centers of gravity and the tightrope-walker
• Motion and weight: natural versus accidental gravity
• Motion of suspended weights: arcs, compound motion, impetus
• Recoil, off-centre weight, and the arc of suspended bodies
• Torsion, rebound, and a bombarded round fortress
• Impact and rebound: colliding bodies and trebuchet throw
• Rebound of colliding bodies and the power of the natural blow
• The Counter-Lever and the Rebound of Struck Balls
• Blows, the Counter-Lever, and the Force of Turbid Water
• The Arrow and the Bowstring; Rebound Angles and the Oblique Body
• The Revolving Arm and an Experiment on the Lines of Motion
• Falling Bodies, the Strength of a Cord, and Friction
• Reflex Motion, the Bounce, and the Angles of Percussion
• Motion: how a mover's speed governs the spacing of moved weights
• Percussion of falling hammers and the gain of the screw
• Crossbows, the shoulder's load, and falling hammers
• Percussion, supports, and a loaded beam
• Centre of gravity, the windlass lever, and swifter wheels
• Gravity, impetus, and the descent to the world's centre
• The common centre of gravity, and a press for terracotta 'pastelli'

Codex Madrid II57 pages

• Spanish title-page: treatises on fortification, statics and geometry
• A Wind-Driven Wheel and the Rim That Outruns the Air
• Sailing the Arno: A Boat Across the Wind
• The stamp of the flax-brake: five ways to gain power
• The blow amplified by a rebound motion
• Sailing boats, wind force, and fortress-cost notes
• A repeated impulse driving a suspended weight
• Reflected waves colliding in mid-channel of a river
• A radial wheel of tubes filling and emptying
• The Force Needed to Move a Cart
• On simple, composite, and decomposed local motion
• A windmill, a wedge's centre of gravity, and mean proportionals
• A prism divided into equal pyramids
• Balance of two weights and the lamp's wheel
• How a Sea Wave Breaks on a Sloping Shore
• Angles of the Balance and the Diagonal of a Cube
• The Center of Gravity of a Pyramid
• Scaling of Squares, Triangles and Pyramids by Multiplication
• Transforming rectangles and a theorem on equal triangles
• Wind speeds up as it condenses; winds on mountains and valleys
• Harmonic instruments: bagpipe, organ and a mechanical viola
• Perspective of colours; figures pushing and pulling
• Of Weight: Between Arithmetic and Geometry
• The Weight of Elements: A Balance in Air and in Water
• Of the flyers: bearing weight and the wing that lifts an eighth
• The fury and power of birds' wings upon the air
• Of the waters: no body weighs within its own element
• Strain in a Rope over a Pulley, and Refining Gunpowder
• Where a Loaded Rope Breaks: Coils, Weight and the Pulley
• Mechanical Advantage of Pulley Tackle and the Point of Rupture
• The science of the cord: how a rope bears weight and where it breaks
• Cords of a tackle-block: which rope breaks, and the reflection of wind
• How the kite holds still in the wind and steers with tail and wings
• Flying without beating the wings: descending and circling on the wind
• Center of gravity of a cord over a pulley, and hovering in a scirocco
• On falling: how a bird levels itself and recovers a head-down plunge
• Turning a straight pyramid into a curved one by motion
• A Spring-Lever Device for Motion "Without a Lever"
• Naming the Parts of a Ship's Rigging
• Sailing from a Northeast Wind toward the Southeast
• The Lateen Sail Named Part by Part
• How Close a Ship Can Sail to the Wind
• Sailing to Windward: Tacking a Ship Against the Wind
• Points of Sail: Quartering Wind and a Straight Course
• Winch of the Sea and of Ships (Argano di mare)
• How Sea Waves Break: Incident and Reflected Motion
• A Jest: The Poor Man Who Claimed Kinship from Adam
• Dividing a Cube into Pyramids and Their Weights
• Motion on an incline; curved-figure and radial-plan studies
• Kinds of Percussion, a Kite's Descent, and Squaring a Curve
• Molten bronze lifting the core; melting, alloying and charging the furnace
• Re-firing the mold, weighing its earth, and unstopping the furnace
• Casting the Sforza Horse: mould lining and bronze delivery
• Casting trials: mould material and why the horse stands upright
• Casting the horse inverted: access door and pouring sequence
• The core vent and the shape of the melting furnace
• Founding recipes: salt, flux, fires and mould coats

Codex Urbinas (Treatise on Painting)35 pages

• Painting Is Philosophy: Motion, Nature, and Surfaces
• Invention of Composition and the Figure in Violent Action
• The Force of Motion and the Three Strokes of Battle
• Which Muscles to Show, and the Kinds of Motion
• Composite Motions and the Course of Man
• Balancing on One Foot; the Extended Arm Shifts the Weight
• The Loaded Shoulder Rises; Ponderation Over the Feet
• Bending and Turning; the Counterbalance of Weights
• Man as Mover of Weights; the Balance of the Figure
• Balancing the Figure's Weight at Its Center of Gravity
• Crossed Arms and the Windup of a Great Blow
• The Elbow as a Lever: Why Pulling Beats Pushing
• Why the Straight Arm Cannot Push, and the Flesh at the Joints
• The Knee Bends Only Forward, and Rising from a Kneel
• Simple and Compound Motion; Match Force to the Weight
• Postures of Women, Rising from the Floor, and the Jump
• Pushing, Pulling, and the Figure Hurling with Force
• Balance of the Body: Simple and Compound Ponderation
• Weight-Shift, Contrapposto, and the Balance of Standing
• Weight on the feet, speed of motion, and how animals walk
• Three motions in a man's leap; the endless aspects of a limb
• The Physics of Gliding Birds and Figures in Motion
• Buildings and Mountains Seen Through Thick Air
• The Mechanics of Folds: Cloth Returns to Flatness (a b c)
• The figures of derivative shadow and its swift motion
• When a shadow lags, matches, or blurs beyond its body
• The five motions of shadows and conditions of projection
• The motion of a shadow is faster than the body that casts it
• Where Light Falls Strongest: The Angle of Incident Rays
• On Clouds: Their Formation, Light, and Redness
• The Redness and Splendor of Clouds; How Clouds Are Made
• The Nature of Winds and the Weight of Clouds
• Contents of Part Three: Balance and Motion of the Figure
• Contents of Part Three: Anatomy, Force and Motion of Man
• Treatise index: the human figure in motion and repose

Codex on the Flight of Birds30 pages

• Weights, Balances and the Material Pivot
• Why a Weight Falls Faster Along an Arc Than a Chord
• Gravity, Centre of Gravity, and Powder-to-Ball Proportion
• A Balance Hung at Its Centre of Gravity Stays Still
• Mechanical Science, Balances, and the Centre of Gravity
• A Cord-Tied Rod That Cannot Swing; Weights on Inclines
• Weights on Two Inclined Planes and the Proportion of Slopes
• Feathers, Wing-Bones, and How a Wing Loads Its Supports
• Balancing the Airborne Man; a Bird's Course in the Wind
• How Birds Rise, Soar on the Wind, and Glide to Rest
• Reflex and incident wing-motions of birds in the wind
• Centre of gravity and centre of magnitude in a flying bird
• Six rules for righting the bird against the wind
• The tail as balance; the wing does not press all its area on air
• How a Bird Rights Itself Against the Wind
• The Wing-Bone as a Wedge; a Rudder to Cut the Wind
• Bird as Swimmer; Banking, Soaring, and the Wing's Rudder
• Turning, Descending, and the Screw-Like Climb of Birds
• Truth and Falsehood; Four Kinds of Flight Path
• How a bird soars higher by circling on the wind
• Guarding the flying machine against a fatal fall
• How the wing's thumb holds a bird still against the wind
• The wing's thumb and the tail as two rudders of flight
• The shoulder pole and how birds soar in a semicircle
• The wing's hand makes the impetus; the elbow wedges the air
• Imitate the Bat: Membrane Wings and Balance in the Air
• Finding the Bird's Center of Gravity
• Persuasion for the Undertaking: The Power of Wings
• Wind, Tail and Balance in Bird Flight
• The Wing in Flapping Flight: Elbow, Air-Wedge and Oval Path

Paris Manuscript A77 pages

• Weights and Levers; Perspective through a Pane of Glass
• Balances, a Beam's Load, and the Proportions of a Head
• Whether United Powers Exceed the Same Powers Divided
• On weights, blows, and the flight of projectiles
• Blows, levers, and turning a great screw
• The balance and the resistance of weights
• Measuring a tower by its shadow; strength of bundled ropes
• Percussion studies and a compass proportion puzzle
• A blow resounds through a resonant body
• Fourteen studies of percussion and rebound
• Weight, contact, and the rope that moves more easily coiled
• Screw threads, a weighted bellows, and compass constructions
• Echo and the rebound of sound at equal angles
• Concave mirrors, reflected heat, and a bellows to make cold
• The rolling wheel, weight, and the causes of motion
• Blow and weight: balls in corners and a cube-doubling method
• Against perpetual motion, balances, and the fall of bodies
• Where the painter should stand to the light; blow and voice notes
• Bouncing balls equal free flight; the fall of water
• Water Studies: Meeting Currents, Narrows, and Waterfalls
• The Pressure of Liquids: Vats and a Well with a Skin Bag
• Water in Nature and the Rebound of Colliding Bodies
• Perspective and Motion: Moving Light and a Swinging Weight
• The Blow and the Illumination of Air
• Definitions of the Blow and the Nature of Motion
• The blow: bombard recoil and shot striking walls and towers
• The moving figure: balance in rising, climbing, running, lifting
• The double crossbow, and force proportioned to its projectile
• Force and motion: the limit of a mill wheel and the mounted crossbowman
• Experiments in weight and motion: falling bodies, water, and lifting
• Percussion: a blow passes beyond the body it strikes
• Propositions on percussion: bells, nails, and falling weights
• Percussion, colliding balls, and the force of the crossbow
• Rebounding blows, crossbow arrows, and falling weights
• Inclined-plane motion, bending beams, and hurled bodies
• On weight, equilibrium, and the nature of the lever
• Questions on motion, weight, force and blow
• What is force
• Weight and force; a 400-pound block on four supports
• How weights press, and the advantage of machines
• Motion through air, the blow, and the noise of the bombard
• Figure projecting from a wall; weights, beams, and a float
• On the Voice and a Method for Copying a Marble Statue
• Ballistics: The Strongest Part of a Cannon-Ball's Flight
• How a Cannon-Ball Strikes a Wall: Aligned or Twisting Blows
• The Right-Angle Blow: Impact, Recoil and the Bombard's Sound
• On Motion and Weight: the Lever and a Water-Pressure Test
• Why Supports Bend in the Middle, and Off-Center Loads Lean
• Strength of a Column Divided Lengthwise and Widthwise
• How Doubling a Column's Proportion Affects Its Load
• De Ponderibus: Experiments on Weights and Supports
• De Ponderibus: Suspended Weights, Levers, and an Arch
• Hanging Cords Between Unequal Poles, a Bounce, and a Beam
• On the Support: Binding Rushes to Increase Strength
• The Strength of Loaded Staffs, Beams, and Twisted Cords
• The Strength and Weakness of Arches and Columns
• Foundations, and the Nature and Breaking of Arches
• Loading and Strengthening Round Arches and Ogives
• Earthquake-Proof Arches and Reinforced Ceiling Beams
• Levers, Pulleys, and Why a Long Rope Cannot Be Pulled Straight
• Methods of weighing and bodies rolling down an incline
• On blast and noise, and the balancing of weights
• On beams, walls, windows, and the strength of arches
• Doubled beams and experiments on the force of blows
• Load-bearing of columns, and a mirror for making fire
• Why water rises to mountain summits: heat and the earth's veins
• Water's endless circulation and why blood rises to the head
• Heat makes bodies lighter; and the current at the Strait of Spain
• Flow through narrowing channels: crowds, syringes, gears, and waves
• Water forced through irregular openings; crossing streams in a fall
• River pits, cataracts, and the erosion of riverbeds
• Eddies and the erosion of riverbanks
• Eddies wide below, narrow above, with an experiment
• Eddies at the bottom and crossing wave-circles
• Compound pulleys, rope motion, and a half-lit aperture
• The circular balance and compound pulley systems
• Proportion studies of the horse's head and human face

Paris Manuscript B33 pages

• Body Proportions, the Force of Muscles, and Notes on Fame
• Ballistics Experiments, a Domed Church and the Physics of Sound
• Crossbows, catapults and the scorpion engine
• Catapult with its spring-loading device
• A washhouse and heating stove, with beam-load experiments
• Barred-door interior, a slow-fire canister and nested spheres
• Fortress Defences, a Domed Church, and a Suspended Beam
• Why an Arch Holds, and a Raised Garden
• An 'unbreakable' beam bridge and a hundred-mile acoustic relay
• One-man saw for large beams; notes on motion and weights
• Machine for raising columns, and how an arch loads its columns
• Bombards: the cortaldo and the Fulgorea
• A contest of bombards and the Architronito
• The Architronito: Archimedes' steam cannon
• Box-wheel engine, non-recoiling bombard, and a mantlet
• Box-wheel and clockwork studies, with a stone-thrower
• Ideal-city palace, a lifting crank, and a laden cart
• Water-raising pumps and a water-pressure gauge
• Fording a river with skin-floats and files of horses
• On weights, a German lance-barrier, and diverting rivers to ford them
• Foot soldiers crossing a river chained arm-in-arm
• On the Nature of Force; Weight of a Beam Between Two Walls
• Facade windows, an ornate portal and a lever
• Screw-jacks and a worm-driven rack for lifting
• Ornithopter wing worked by cords, with neck-mounted rudder
• Fireproof bastion, ship-capsizing mast, and a leaning-beam problem
• Flying-machine drive, covered paddle-boat, and a geared cart
• Screw-lift for the flying machine and force-multiplying carts
• Furnace, riverbank palisade, and a water-and-air bellows
• Leatherless water-driven bellows, in four parts
• Man on a Lever Rig Producing 1,250 Pounds of Force
• Testing the Lifting Force of a Great Flapping Wing
• Bat and Eagle: Wing-Span, Weight and the Strength of Reeds

Paris Manuscript C16 pages

• Motion, Voice, and the Blow: Mechanics Demonstrations
• Force, Weight, and the Instantaneous Blow
• The Blow, Pulleys, and Jets of Wine and Water
• Pulleys, Balances and the Three Shapes of a Shadow
• Colliding Balls, a Vibrating Blade, and a Canal Research Program
• The Eye's Pupil in Darkness and Light; Echo and Reflection
• Water in a bucket, shadows from many lights, and the blow of a hammer
• Percussion and rebound: axe on wood, drops on water
• Still water keeps its level; skimming oil off a lake
• Bright backgrounds shrink a body; the echo of a blow
• River currents, rolling stones, and a spinning wheel
• River waves against the wind; surface and bottom currents
• How a stone on the river-bed scours the channel
• 'What is water' — the nature and powers of the element
• The blow: turbid water and the rebound of colliding spheres
• On weights, and the force of water striking obstacles in a canal

Paris Manuscript D1 pages

• The Eye: Unequal Visual Power and the Convex Pupil

Paris Manuscript E118 pages

• Departure for Rome; leaping, the weighted foot, and the vacuum
• Cones in a cube, squaring the circle, and weights on planes
• Finding a lodestone's north pole; problems of the screw
• Condensation, the Movement of Figures, and Shadows on Muscles
• Sound in a Pipe and Marine Shells That Raise the Mountains
• Cords Hanging Between Pulleys and the Pull of the Sag
• How a Hanging Weight Divides Along a Cord and an Angle
• Force and Accidental Weight: the Lever, the Spring, and Rectangles
• Mechanics, Paradise of Mathematics: Wax Shaped into a Pyramid
• Geometry: bisecting a triangle with one cut parallel to its base
• Squaring the circle by rectifying the semicircumference
• The resistance of spring-like supports
• Plan for the First Book on Water
• The Eye, Shadow Proportions, and a Man Moving Weights
• Pulley-block loads and drawing the figure's ages
• The load and motion of five pulley-block cords
• On the Weights of Pulley-Tackles
• On Birds: Steering Flight by the Wing-Beat
• On Birds: The Labor of the Downstroke and Impetus
• On Birds: Hovering Against the Wind and Wing Position
• On Birds: The Alula, Flight-Feathers and Shoulder Rudders
• On Birds: Simple, Compound and Decomposed Descent
• Compound motion applied to squaring a circular sector
• The Perfection of the Cube; Friction of Pulleys on Their Axles
• Bombards: Noise, Percussion and Firing Many Balls at Once
• Weights, Their Movers, and the Rebound of a Heavy Body
• Equal Bodies Moved by Equal Powers; Circular Motion
• The quality and motion of shadows
• Definitions of shadow, and weights on the balance
• Squaring a circular sector; balance and pulley mechanics
• Apparatus for a great ventilator, and pulley-cord levers
• On compound impetus and the three kinds of friction
• On the flight of birds: turning by bending the tail
• On the flight of birds: wingtips, wind and turning
• The Descent of Birds: Simple and Compound Obliquity
• Why Migrating Birds Fly Against the Wind
• Speed of a Bird's Descent by the Rules of Weight
• Beating Wings Against Still Air; Two Contrary Obliquities
• Why Raising the Wing Is Slower; the Kite's Circling Rise
• Raising Wings Is Easier; Widening the Tail; Man Might Fly
• A bird outracing the wind along a square's diagonal
• A bird twice as fast as the wind: oblique gliding
• Birds flying in flocks: bounding flight in a crosswind
• Why migrating flocks fly against the wind
• Figure-eight soaring and hovering motionless in the wind
• A classification of motions: straight, curved, and spiral
• Waves of the Wind and How Birds Ride Sea-Cliff Updrafts
• Why Small Birds Fly Low and Large Birds Fly High
• How a Bird Climbs on the Wind Without Beating Its Wings
• How a Bird Rights Itself After Falling Head-Down
• Banking with the Wingtip Rudder Instead of a Whole Wing
• How Birds Turn Without Rising or Falling
• The Underside of the Wing and How a Bird Turns
• Raising and Lowering the Wing, and the Wing-Bone
• The Wingtips: Their Curving and Bending in Flight
• Bird-Flight Studies: Wing Diagrams and Notes
• Whether the Curved Wingtips Are Necessary
• The Bent Wingtip: Condensing Air and the Circle c d b r
• Flight of birds: reflected winds and steering with the tail
• Bats and the descent of bodies through the air
• The oblique motion of birds and the wing rudders
• Bird manoeuvres: turning, landing, braking, and rising
• Theory of birds: banking flight and a weighted wheel
• Of revolving motion: the spinning top
• Living vs. mechanical movers; a kite's descent in wind
• The wing's 'rudder' and the ship's rudder: how birds steer
• The wake of bird and ship: air and water closing the vacuum
• Keeping balance in gusts: how birds avoid capsizing in wind
• The Flight of Birds and the Science of Winds
• On Weight Distributed Along a Sustaining Cord
• Weight Drawn by Tackles; Compound Balances
• On Gravity and Its Supports
• On the Heavy Body: A Cord Feels Double Its Load
• On the Motion of Falling Heavy Bodies
• Why an Equal-Armed Balance Rests at Equality
• On Gravity: Locating the Balance's Fulcrum
• On Mover and Moved: Lever and Counter-Lever
• On Weights: The Balance Regaining Equality
• On Weights: Beginning of This Book
• Weight and force: the potential lever and infinite division
• On the cord: a weight at the center of a horizontal rope
• On weights and cords: real and potential angles
• On gravity and the cord: levers, counter-levers and angles
• Demonstration of the weight of the arched cord
• Where the arched cord separates from its pulley
• The Angled Cord and the Balance of a Hanging Weight
• Weight of a Beam and the Eight-to-One Balance Arm
• Real and Potential Arms of the Balance
• Finding the Center of a Suspended Body
• Weights on an Angled Cord: Four Demonstrations
• Of Gravity and Its Order: Levers and the Balance
• Weights on Cords over Pulleys and the Intercentric Line
• Weights on Angled Cords, and Why Winding Rivers Silt Up
• Converging and Diverging Obliquity; Is Gravity Natural?
• Six Cord-and-Beam Cases in the Science of Weights
• When One Cord Bears the Whole Weight; the Intercentric Line
• Inverse Proportion of Loads, and the Three Centres of a Body
• Gravity: the intercentric line through a suspended weight
• On weight: the central line of gravity in suspended bodies
• On weight: oblique cords and the axis of the force triangle
• Bodies falling through air; a cord feels double its weight
• Dividing a suspended weight between two cords by geometry
• Balance arm in wheel vs air; the accidents of water and air
• Bellows, Steelyard and the Mechanics of Lifting Arms
• Pump and Balance: Weight, Motion and Lifting Water
• Why an Oblique Beam Does Not Fall in a Straight Line
• Beams Suspended in Balances: Obliquity and Weight in Air
• Bodies Descending Through the Air: Beams, Boards and Rods
• The Weighing of Liquids: Oil and Water in Communicating Vessels
• Weights on inclined planes and a cylindrical bellows valve
• Air pump with valves and a lever to raise water
• The plumb-line of a weight resting on a slope
• The question of weights on inclined planes
• Diminution of obliquity: weight and friction
• The Friction of Weights on Sloping Surfaces
• On Friction: Level, Sloping, and Calculated
• The Center of Gravity of Uneven Bodies
• At Parma, 27 September 1514: Air, Falling Bodies, Perspective

Paris Manuscript F90 pages

• Small figures whirl most; deep-sinking things obey the eddies least
• Balance-arm and the proportion of combined weights
• Weights on a balance and a cart with double motion
• Cube and pyramid on a balance; why stars shine at night
• Luminous and shadowy bodies; the sun's size vs Epicurus
• The Double Ebb and Flow of Waves in a Basin
• Weight on a Wheel, Clock Timing, and the Shape of a Plunge Pool
• A Mill Sluice with Overflow Channels
• The Convex Mirror: Why Reflection Has No General Rule
• How Channel Inlets and Outlets Shift the Current
• Eddies That Reverse Their Whirling Motion
• The concavity and usefulness of water eddies
• Why the water walls of an eddy stand higher than its hollow
• Falling water and rising bodies on a moving incline
• Vortices where water strikes a submerged block
• Longitudinal and square-based waves in a canal
• Surface waves and currents that override one another
• Defining the semicolumnar wave and the rebounding wave
• Running water falling into stagnant water over a channel
• Kinds of eddy and how falling waters combine
• The rebound of falling bodies; the sphere of water on the earth
• Chapters on eddies and jets of water rising into the air
• Power, load, distance and time in moving bodies
• Why the sphere of water has a spherical surface
• The figure of the elements: refuting Plato's solids
• Five Regular Solids: Why a Cube Rolls More Than a Pyramid
• Sight Spread Through the Pupil; Air Bubbles Rising in Water
• Book 32: fire moving through boiling water; the sun's heat
• Air Enclosed Under Water: Why Bubbles Rise Serpentining
• Is a River's Surface Spherical? Water Along Arc and Chord
• The shapes of waves made by a body moving in water
• The motion of birds, and the earth seen from the moon
• Crossing currents and the paths of objects in a winding river
• A body carried half in the water and half in the air
• A leaf turning in a current; a water wheel struck by falling water
• Intersecting Water Jets: Four Effects of Colliding Streams
• The Impetus of Water and Mutual Penetration of Jets
• Air to Lift Weights, and Water Falling from a River
• Sheet-like Water Around Obstacles in a Swift Current
• Weights in Water, a Potter's-Wheel Clock, and Waves
• Buoyancy in Vessels and the Revolution of River Water
• Floating a Great Weight onto a Barge by Draining a Canal
• Centre of Gravity of Pyramids and Quadrature of the Cube
• Propositions on force, mass, space, and time in motion
• The zig-zag motion of the celestial thunderbolt
• If the earth were a perfect sphere the waters would cover it
• The true ounce of water: flow from spouts at different heights
• How struck water divides: eddies, angles, and the scoured bank
• Water outlets of different shapes and their discharge
• Thin-walled outlets and the three centres of a body
• Whether the friction of the heavens makes a sound
• Local motion of dust: mounds formed on a struck board
• The sun's image on bubble-like waves and the sphere of a dewdrop
• Things carried by water, channel bends and bed erosion
• Drops of Water and Grasses on the River Bed
• Water Falling Through the Air Twists on Itself
• Eddies at a Bend and a River Crossing a Lake
• Do Bodies Weigh More in Air Than Under Water?
• Earth as a moon, gravity of the elements, and membraned water
• Why the earth's center of gravity lies at the world's center
• Sea raised by the sun, discharge and fall, and river eddies
• Membraned water in the air and the persistence of motion in water
• Bubbling water, wave motion, and eddies from the pool bed
• How Air Moves Before and Behind a Moving Body
• Why a Body Keeps Moving; Dust Motes in a Sunbeam
• Reflection of a Moving Body and the Circular Wave in Water
• Objects Dragged by a Current; Water Checked by an Obstacle
• Water eddies (retrosi): two kinds of vortex in a river
• Falling water: sheets, jets and the mill-wheel vortex
• Water Falling Through Air into a Pool
• Deep-Set Hulls Resist Wind; Water Boiling at a Drop
• Why the Sphere of Water Is Perfectly Round
• Why Two Vertical Towers Lean and Topple Together
• A Weight Poised Between the Centers of Two Worlds
• Moon Spots, the Levelling Earth, and Canal Waves
• Proof That the Sun Is Hot: Concave Mirror and Water-Ball Experiments
• The Sun's Rays and the Element of Fire
• Why Heavy Bodies Fall: Water in a Bent Tube
• Water Against an Oblique Obstacle; Air Behind a Falling Body
• Plan for the water treatise; impetus and how birds ride air
• Book 9: water surging under a sluice-gate; how air condenses
• River waves: vortices, bank reflections, and their crossings
• River waves striking eddies at a widened bank
• Four cases of widened and narrowed river banks
• Eddies formed by a sudden widening of the channel
• Semi-columnar and unequal columnar waves
• Collisions of columnar waves of equal and unequal force
• Waves in a canal: reflected motion and the semicolumnar wave
• Water against an obstacle and the rise of falling water
• Flow in a long narrow-mouthed ditch; light, distance and vision

Paris Manuscript G65 pages

• Tree-trunk swellings, a parallelepiped, and impact of motion
• The wind moves like a river; the three accidents of a leaf
• Head of a Horse; a Horse Running Through Water
• The science of weights, with simple and compound perspective
• On friction: a shaping template and its grinding apparatus
• Geometry of the Triangle; Ropes in Pulley-Blocks
• Force versus weight: the spring and the counterweight
• Ripening seed in sunlight, and testing the fineness of waters
• Why the Ocean does not soak into the land
• Weights on inclined planes and quadrature of the hemisphere
• Weight on Two Cords; Squaring and Cubing the Sphere
• Siphons and Trick Drinking Vessels; Warm vs. Cold Water
• Oblique Flight of Birds in the Wind
• Birds Soaring Against a Contrary Wind
• The power of the voice, and constructing very large circles
• A lake's sudden outflow, and a quicksilver siphon to make fire
• On the Motion of Ships; Water Wearing Away Its Banks
• Branching of the Cherry Tree; Falling Weights in Air and Water
• Architraves of many pieces, and casting a vessel in a plaster box
• Relative motion of an arrow at sea, and measuring a ship's speed
• Motion of a Body Pouring or Falling onto a Moving Site
• A Body Falling While the Cosmos Turns Once in 24 Hours
• On percussion: hammer, nail and the coining die
• The lever double its counter-lever
• How Birds End Their Flight: Oblique Descent and Landing
• How Birds Begin Their Flight: Taking Off from the Ground
• Flight of a Four-Winged Butterfly That Preys on Winged Ants
• Keeping Wind from Overturning a Bird; Perforated Wings in Ascent
• Pyramidal casting for a wire-drawing die
• Drawplate armature, edge-power ratios, and an angle-sighting device
• Why drawn iron wire curves and twists
• On simple impetus; the drawplate's tempered edge
• Impetus, and Parts of a Metal-Drawing Machine
• On Percussion: Air Compressed Beneath a Falling Body
• On Percussion: Falling Bodies and a Man's Descent
• Metal-Drawing Mill Against a Curved Wall
• The Descent of Heavy Bodies; a Tumbling Board
• On weight: a body bearing on two supports
• On weight: bombard ball, balances, and a revolving weight
• Draw-plates, weights on a double incline, and soldering copper
• Experiment of the Balance: Rest About the Fulcrum
• Equal Weights on Equal Slopes Stay Balanced
• The Weight of the Balance Beam and Its Two Gravities
• Of Tackles: Where a Loaded Rope Breaks
• Of Tackles and Ropes: Speed, Load and Breakage
• Of Tackles: More Pulleys, More Mechanical Advantage
• Tackle-blocks and forming metal plates over a mould
• Six laws of force and motion in pulley tackle
• On impression: soldering and smoothing curved copper plates
• On Soldering: Copper Sheets and the Cathedral Ball
• On the Nature of Heat: Power Concentrated on a Smaller Base
• What Impetus Is: Derivative Motion and the Moving Body
• On Motion and the Moving Body: Power Versus Motion
• The Five Kinds of Motion; Weights Joined by a Cord
• Two Weights on a Cord Thrown Through the Air
• On Pulley-Blocks: How the Ropes Share the Load
• Moving a Pulley About Its Pole vs. With Its Pole
• On Power: Concentration Increases Force
• On Motion and the Aging Eye's Distant Sight
• Figures of Waves: Dyed Water Falling into Clear
• Northern Winds at the Solstice; A Beam Hauled by Angled Cords
• The Flight of the Fly: Wings, Hovering, and Balance
• The Infinite Motions Within Running Water
• On weight: the mechanics of pulleys and tackle
• Squaring the circle; a water-raising machine and pulleys

Paris Manuscript H72 pages

• The viola organista: a spring-return bow mechanism
• A watering can, with maxims on memory and rebound
• Single-piece arch between two blocks; water and bank erosion
• Voussoir arch of sixteen stones and a forking watercourse
• Bending of arched supports and a gravel-and-water study
• Pyramidal heaps of pebbles and the level of water
• Hinges and a River Barrage: Iron Worn by Running Water
• Dynamometer with weights, river-flow notes, and a knot
• Arm and pulley force studies, with a fable of the lily
• How long objects travel in a canal current
• Eddies of water and where currents shed their load
• Moral emblems of the ermine, the cock and the parrot
• Heraldic shield, an eye-and-mirror diagram, and a deep well
• River currents, water level, and an apparatus of cylinders
• Turbid water, river banks, and gold-panning in the Ticino
• Straight Descent versus Winding Descent of Equal Length
• Channel on a Slope and Four Equal Outlet Holes
• Canal Barrier with Three Openings a, b, c
• Water Spouting at Different Levels; Force of Impact
• Channel Slopes and Falling Balls: Doubling of Motion
• Channel and Flow Diagrams in Red Chalk
• A System of Channels: Equal Slope Gives Equal Speed
• Falling water in sloping channels: speed versus length
• Ornamental knots and a note on bodies in air and water
• Fame rises, infamy falls; and which water strikes harder
• The Blow of Water and the Sorting of Stones
• The stepped cascade of the Sforzesca
• 'On the Soul': the reach of motion, sound, and mind
• Currents, Waves, and the Weight of Water
• Curved Water-Lines and a Ship's Displacement
• Sketches of Mechanical Parts and a Pulley
• Barrier Across a Canal and a Balance of Force
• Two Screw-and-Nut Devices and the Decay of Sound
• Weight pushing sideways; converging water jets
• River gravel and the force of a paddle wheel
• Climbing stairs and the gathering centre of an eddy
• Water conduit and the balance of forces on a wheel
• Slower water at the banks; why the air is blue; fading motion
• Buying water by the ounce; how natural motion speeds up
• Water wheels: which the current drives best
• Pile-drivers, pulleys and a drawbridge: studies of weight
• The blow of a club, a balance, and a river's surface
• Balance with weights and the curved rebound of water
• Lantern-pinion and toothed wheel: tooth wear and force
• River currents: width, depth and reversed flow
• A canal narrows, a framed pavilion, and clouds in motion
• Buoyancy: displaced water equals the weight it sustains
• Deeper channels flow faster; weights resting on a cord
• How a suspended weight divides between two supports
• Instruments for orientation: a level, a sundial and a bell device
• Moral emblems and a pendulum hammer
• Peg-lifters driven by scroll wheels
• Centre of Weight; Note on Giulio and the Study Lock
• Balanced hoist
• Study for a reciprocating mechanical saw
• Devices for alternating motion and a raisable platform
• Two gear-pairs with retaining teeth for alternating motion
• Study of a variable-ratio transmission
• Further studies of a variable-ratio transmission
• Fable of the peasant and the vine; gears for alternating motion
• Gear-trains for producing an alternating motion
• Beams shoring earth; rack-and-pinion reversing gear
• Cart weight-load diagram and toothed-rod motions
• Framed mechanism and a perpetual-motion wheel
• Pin-wheels, gearing and a possible escapement
• The heaviest part guides motion; saw and arrow
• Rack-and-pinion lifting device and a cart part
• Timber joints, a screw device, and a water-weight query
• Rod suspended on two cords, plank tiers, and figures
• Pulley proportion, a covered cart, and geometric lattices
• Latin verbs and 'Motion is the cause of all life'
• Accounts for Salai, geometry notes, and a seated figure

Paris Manuscript I125 pages

• On Motion and Impact: Descending a Staircase in Leaps
• Notes: a Gun-Barrel Test, a Maxim, and a Lasso Puzzle
• The effort of raising versus dragging a load
• Rotating cylinder with perfected pivots
• Questions on impact and on a loaded cord
• The centre of gravity and the balance of the water-screw
• Which pivot turns more freely? Angular balances and screws
• A drill for boring crystal, with screw and balance studies
• Ornamental shell, cartouche and honeycomb studies
• Note on the best pinion, and a houseleek-in-flames motto
• Peg wheel and worm screw; friction of the lantern pinion
• Toothed wheel and lantern pinion: turning and rubbing
• Slotted kiln and vessel moulds; Paolo's rule on gears
• Lock for the Duchess's bath; the blow of a rebounding body
• Bolt, a counterweight door, and a pivoted rod with pulley
• Circle and square; infinite slowness and speed of motion
• Weights on rotating arms and on pulleys
• Friction at a pivot; a water cylinder and a bell balanced
• Shadow of a Pyramid, with a Friction Study
• Latin declension of the pronoun qui, quae, quod
• Pendulum and beam: indeterminate figures
• Geometry: circles, squares, Pythagoras and cubes
• On percussion: hammer blows, colliding balls, a wedge
• Bouncing as reflected motion; a wheel divided into sectors
• Two rods: the lifting power of the longer rod
• Where a loaded wheel and rings suffer the most strain
• Why a pivot wears unevenly: the knife-grinder's wheel
• Elastic lath to launch three arrows; Latin words
• Balanced bell on its pivot; columns and entablature
• Antifriction roller systems for a lever
• Rule for antifriction rollers; a bell rung by wind
• System of anti-friction rollers for a flywheel
• On the proportion of motions, powers and resistances
• Why water climbs a mound of earth; deflecting river currents
• Ricochet of a Stone and a Water Vortex
• Where Three Currents Meet: A Sudden Deep
• Force of Liquids and Grains in Two Vessels
• Why a River Erodes Its Bed and Banks
• The Jet from a Draining Barrel
• How a Cross-Current Breaks a Riverbank and Sorts the Debris
• The Threefold Motion by Which Rising Water Scours a Bank
• How Water Deepens and Scours Where a River Narrows
• Collision of Discrete and Continuous Quantities
• Boiling Upwellings in Rivers; Section of the Elements
• Why Boiling Upwellings Are Intermittent
• How Eddies Form and Consume the Water's Impetus
• Collision of Currents of Unequal Size and Speed
• The Great Eddy: How Floating Bodies Move on Water
• Vortices in a turning current, with clamped and joined rods
• Air submerged in water and its violent return to the surface
• Waterfall and rebound: air carried down among the water's coils
• Water leaps and why bombards outrange small guns
• Doubled Motion of the Arm in Throwing a Stone
• The Crossbow: When the Arrow Leaves the Cord
• Where a Tethered Falling Ball Strikes Hardest
• Do Meeting Water-Waves Penetrate or Rebound?
• How to classify every motion and impact of water
• Why a plunging river runs faster on top; a glass tank test
• A small drop resting on level and sloping planes
• Why water moves; a drop's weight on level and sloping planes
• Water Speeding Through a Narrowed Channel
• Wheels Driven by Falling Counterweights
• Impact and the Launching of Darts
• A Rule for How Materials Break
• Leverage in a Mast Pulled by a Cord
• Counterweights for Doors
• Regular Counterweights Compared to Water
• Spoon Catapult (Cimitrilla) and the Physics of Percussion
• Mangonel and Crossbow Ballistics; a Glass on a Spinning Hoop
• Of Motion: Percussion, the Sling, and the Arm as Lever
• On Motion: Percussion and the Persistence of a Blow
• On Motion: Why the Bombard Alone Increases Its Force
• On Motion: Bows and Crossbows as a Test of Force
• Three Ball-Launching Devices: Impetus, Collision, Percussion
• The Rule of Three Applied to a Bombard's Ball
• Against Infinite Speed from an Ever-Smaller Ball
• Weight or percussion: which drives a projectile farther
• A balance-and-catapult rig for testing throwing power
• Equal weights, equal motion; unequal weights ranked by distance
• On motion: heavy bodies sustain their movement; the long-jumper's trick
• A waterfall striking, rebounding, and hollowing its bed
• Smoke in air, and the currents and percussion of water in rivers
• A jet of water rising after striking an obstacle
• Why the rebound of falling water never equals its descent
• Rebound of falling water and a glass-walled vessel
• Air blown under water; two rivers compared by length
• Problem: how deep a falling weight sinks into the ground
• Dividing the power of rivers, and of divided forces
• System of opposed arches that tension one another
• Two carts pulled in different ways
• Degrees of pulling: from dragging to wheeled carts
• Friction of pivots versus dragging
• Antifriction roller system with multiplied leverage
• Collision of two streams of water
• Experiments on Water Rebounding in a Level Channel
• Bouncing Balls and Rebounding Water: Discrete vs Continuous
• Wave Motion If Water Were a Discrete Quantity
• Repeated Confluence and Divergence of River Currents
• On the Crest and the Trough of a Wave
• Water in Waves: Rising, Falling, and Slowing
• Questions on Motion; Proportional Ratios
• Crossbow Aim by Hand Position; Albert of Saxony on Motion
• Curved Motion's Release Point; Dart-Throwing with a Rod
• Water Striking an Obstacle; a Counterweight Catapult
• Catapult Range: Widening the Arc to Double the Throw
• A River Deflected at Its Bank; the Cimitrilla's Throw
• Where Powder Bursts a Bombard; a Note at Table
• Jets from a Vase; Water Curling Past a Submerged Rock
• Four studies of air vortices striking obstacles
• The rebounding of river water
• The question of the bouncing ball
• The range of a bombard and its trajectory
• Aiming a bombard by a graduated range scale
• The voice of the echo across distance
• Ballistics of Bombards: Ball Weight, Powder and Range
• On Motion in General; the Wind on Mountain Slopes
• Two Falling Balls in Channels; a Swaying Carried Beam
• Two- and Three-Winch Systems and the Balancing of Weights
• Questions on Gunpowder and Bombard Firing
• Research Questions on the Bombard and Its Powder
• The Motion of Cannon Balls: One Heavy Ball or Many?
• Recoil, Weather and Bounce: More Gunnery Questions
• Declension of 'uterque' and the Whip of the Arm
• Triangular-Mouthed Bombard and Graded Thrown Weights
• A power moving divided and united weights

Paris Manuscript K54 pages

• Rebound of a struck stone; sketch of a mill and moving air
• Water, the carrier of nature; a horn-shaped mountain cavity
• How a lowered wing decides which way a bird sinks
• Why a bird must spread a lowered wing, and unequal wing-beats in turning
• How the wind acting on the tail turns a bird to face it
• Beating one wing twice to correct a tilt or to turn
• How the wing-tip pinions catch a following wind to lift the bird
• Whether the tail or the wings turns the bird into the wind
• The Bird Turning Itself into the Wind
• The Bird Soaring Against the Wind
• Why the Tail Turns the Bird More Than the Wing
• How a Bird Climbs and Steadies in Straight Flight
• Two Ways a Bird Rights Itself in a Gust
• How a Bird's Wing Sustains and Drives It in Still Air
• The Rotation of the Wing and the Ellipse Traced by Its Tip
• Trimming a Wing as a Sail and Climbing Against the Wind
• Flying Against the Wind, Dropping a Side, and Turning
• The augmentative lever, with named curves
• Shadows cast by a man at night, with balance sketches
• How a Falling Water Droplet Rebounds on Impact
• How a bird beats its wings to land
• A bird raising and lowering its wings in wind
• Tail resistance and the circles of a bird's flight
• The kite gliding with wings and tail held oblique
• The Rivers: Simple and Compound Motion of Water
• A force of 12 lifts 11 - and infinitely more, but never 12
• Proportional number pairs in pencil: 8-4-2 and 12-6-3
• Converse argument: swapping antecedents and consequents
• Why an older water-wave forms a wider circle than a younger one
• The Three Centres of a Pyramid
• Trisecting a Circular Portion, Concluded
• Stepped Water Conduits and an Elbow Conduit
• Conduits Raising Water and the Power of Its Mover
• Jets from Tubes: Uniform vs. Non-Uniform Openings
• Why Does Water Move Through a River?
• Oblique River Banks and the Force of the Current
• Water Falling Free Through Air versus Falling in a Conduit
• The Swiftest Channel Section Is a Half Circle
• How wind builds a double wave on water
• Simple and composite motions
• Slowest point of a whirled rod; a bouncing weight
• Balance in equilibrium and the leap of man
• On painting, and why thunder outlasts its cause
• Impetus of a moving body and motion against friction
• The Crossing of the Winds and the Birth of Lightning
• The Birth of the Wind and Its Curving Path
• Light-ray diagram; the force of falling water and a mill paddle
• Why two horses on parallel courses seem to run at each other
• A bird flying level appears to lose height as it recedes
• A bird flying level seems to rise as it nears the eye
• A moving eye fixed on a star sees other objects flee backward
• A moving eye fixed on a near object sees the star race across the sky
• Bodies falling from higher up seem to descend nearer the eye
• Apparent motion by distance; a load on an inclined plane

Paris Manuscript L61 pages

• Anti-friction rollers: which turns most easily?
• Circular body seated in a box through the hole n
• River silt, the earth's shifting centre, and a vision test
• Triangular figures, a water-filled vessel, and a driven wedge
• Pulley systems with weights and a beamed roof
• Erosion and the shifting centre of the earth's gravity
• Pouring vessels and pulley systems
• Machines for excavating a moat
• Friction on the inclined plane
• Muscles that Raise the Body in Climbing
• Why a Man Pulls More Downward than Upward
• How a Constricted River Rises and Erodes
• Composite beam and mechanical device sketches
• Protecting the Arno embankment at Rusciano from waves
• Pier struck by water: scour and a protective base
• The Bell of Siena in Motion and a Pile-Driver
• Double Bellows with Non-Return Valves
• Windmill Gearing: Toothed Wheel on a Vertical Shaft
• Weights on Pivoted Wheels; Stairs of the Count of Urbino
• Spherical Weights on Inclined Planes; a Two-Hammer Bell
• Reflected Motion: the Length and Force of a Rebound
• The Laws of Impact and Reflected Motion
• Why a Polished Cannon-Ball Flies Truer
• Why an Oblique Shot Fails to Pierce a Wall
• The Dents Left by a Ball Striking at Angles
• The Splayed Embrasure Hardest to Storm
• Comparing Embrasures: Wide Mouth versus Wide Within
• A support bending under 4000, and a window from Cesena
• Wind in a sail, and two equal bodies on an inclined plane
• Argument Against the 'Wheel of Augmentation'
• Why doubling a figure needs more than doubled power
• Against Vitruvius on small models
• How descending birds control their swoop
• Wing and tail as the bird's rudders in flight
• How a bird descends and turns in flight
• Why a bird flies faster than the wind that drives it
• Righting an overturned bird; the lark's straight ascent
• How the bird's wing beats faster than the wind
• Feather resistance and the flexing of a wing surface
• Dividing the Flyer's Power for Straight or Circular Flight
• Suspended Model Bird for Studying Tail Movements
• How a Kite Steers by Twisting Its Tail
• How the Tail Turns and Steadies a Bird in Flight
• Why a Narrow-Mouthed Vessel Sounds Lower
• Percussion notes, grain from a sieve, and a pulley-raised stair
• Hollow arrow, jointed lance, and screwable tubular fittings
• Counterweight and pulley on an incline, and a water-wheel
• Why Romagna's four-wheeled carts move badly
• Colours fading to blue with distance; a rebound test
• Of water and air; the harmony of falling water
• Rule of power; plan of the fortress of Urbino
• On the loss of the voice through distance
• Voices, arithmetic operations and a group of flowers
• Coast of Populonia, a Crossbow Question and a Cart
• A Moving Body on an Inclined Plane
• Weight on a Cord in a Quadrant of a Circle
• Friction and the inclined plane: the effort of ascent
• Pulleys and windlasses for raising weights and earth
• Balanced rods: weight, resistance and the center of support
• Barrel Section, Pulley and a Mill Mechanism
• A Column Under Load, a Subdivided Square and a Colour Note

Paris Manuscript M88 pages

• Perpendiculars, a Subdivided Square, and 'On Local Motion'
• A weight distributed 4 to 1 between two cords of a balance
• Weights Hung from Unequal Cords on a Balance
• Weight Between Two Pulleys: Does a Right Angle Move It?
• Balance Experiment: Does a Hung Weight Act as if Fixed at n?
• Inclined-Plane Experiments: Drawing a Wheel Up a Slope
• A Balance Multiplied by Pulleys: Proportion of Powers
• Equal Arms by the Circle: an Equals ar
• The true arm of a balance: where cord and lever meet at a right angle
• Heaviness along a cord and weights ranged on a semicircular arc
• Why water over sand makes uneven waves — and what it proves about air
• Does a ship move with its wave, or with the wind that drives it?
• Weights descending three inclined planes meeting at b (c, e, d)
• Oblique motion still grows in arithmetical proportion (prism figure)
• Air Resistance Subtracted from a Falling Weight's Motion
• On Motion: Weights Falling Through Ever-Denser Air
• Pyramidal Proof That Motion Grows in Arithmetic Proportion
• Doubling the Time Doubles a Body's Descent and Speed
• Degrees of Time, Motion and Velocity in Free Descent
• How a Moving Body Generates Waves in the Air
• Descent of a Heavy Body and the Eddying Air Around It
• How Falling Things Break Apart: Beams, Stones, and Grain
• A Thinning Stream of Liquid Divides as It Falls
• Falling Bodies and the Paradox of a Pouring River
• Notebook Page on the Fall of Bodies (untranscribed)
• Definition and Diagram: Two Bodies Falling in Succession
• Degrees of Motion in a Falling Body
• A Falling Body Gains Speed at Every Degree of Motion
• Power and Resistance on a Cord-Drawn Balance
• Where the Cord Attaches Does Not Change the Lever
• A Balance with One Arm Inclined Downward
• Percussion of Two Equal Falling Bodies
• Percussion Growing with the Distance Fallen
• Range of a Culverin and How to Measure It
• Which Bombard Shoots Farthest?
• How a Run-up Affects the Length of a Jump
• Unloading a Column from a Boat with Levers and a Windlass
• An Experiment on Two Falling Balls
• Equal increments in the fall of heavy bodies
• On air resistance: air densest under the heaviest weight
• Volume, lightness, and the force of percussion in falling weights
• The pyramidal law of accelerating fall
• How much faster the larger weight descends
• A sling and the changing power of its launch trajectories
• Two experiments on freely falling balls
• On motion: which weight propels a lead ball farthest
• On motion: smaller weights are thrown farther
• On motion proportional to the driving power
• On the power of the crossbow
• The Common Wedge and Its Iron Sheath
• Permanent and Transitive Wedges; the Axe-Head
• Parallel figures compared, and the law of motion
• The fish's tail as propeller; contact of two currents
• Two water currents contending: an eddy at their meeting
• The impossible cut: a test of judgment about weights
• Balance staffs: arms cut and re-hung as counterweights
• Crossbow catch: lever and pivots
• A charged crossbow
• Force and distance in the crossbow's discharge
• Two crossbows compared: which shoots farther?
• Water Spouting from Siphons of Different Nozzles
• The Crossbow's Force and the Motion of Its Cord
• The Crossbow's Diminishing Force and a Subdivided Triangle
• Why the Arrow Leaves at the End of the Cord's Motion
• Studies of Impact and Weights Balanced over Pulleys
• The Nature of Divided Weights
• Beam balanced on a box: press end a or lift end d?
• Two graduated staves bowing equally under weights 1 and 8
• A windlass in a block: power a against weight b
• Spring Mechanisms for Clocks
• A Beam Strengthened by Binding Cords
• The sound made by a bombard's blast
• How angled barriers divide a projectile's impact
• Swimming shows the method of flying
• Why a heavy hammer drives a nail in one blow
• On the power of percussion
• Page of notes with small diagrams (text not transcribed)
• Dividing a triangular "pyramid" into two equal weights
• Removing weighted pieces of a pyramid by squared fractions
• The Pyramidal Power of a Crossbow's Cord and Arrow
• The bow's motive power: great at the start, ending in nothing
• Testing projectile weight, material and spherical form
• Counterweight experiment on the best projectile form
• The waterwheel as a motor of constant power
• Crossbow versus counterweight: how each releases its body
• The motor of augmentative power, contrary to the crossbow
• Measuring a Crossbow's Force by an Equivalent Weight
• The Motor of Diminishing Force: Crossbow, Pulley and Weight

Ashburnham I (ex-Ms A)7 pages

• Motion studies: trajectory arcs and a sprung device
• Crossing cones of vision with balance and angle figures
• Line, plumb and triangle figures with directional arrows
• Suspended Geometric Figures for Centres of Gravity
• Studies of balances, levers and weights
• Weight on a balance arm swung through a graduated arc
• Hinged arm across a graduated arc, with a small figure

Ashburnham II (ex-Ms B)3 pages

• Cranes, wheeled carts, pulleys and geared wheels
• Statics of Weights on Beams and Triangular Supports
• Studies for a Ribbed Dome and Its Drum

Uffizi Drawings4 pages

• Studies of springs, gears and mechanical fittings
• Faint studies of gears, wheels and a screw mechanism
• Sheet of mechanical devices: clock, wheels and engines
• Sheet of mechanical device studies

Accademia Drawings1 pages

• Studies of Levers, Balances and Weight-Bearing Beams