Map of Europe, studies of human force, and a flying machine
A labelled map of Europe amid notes on a man's strength, wheels, and a rooftop flight test
A red-drawn map of Europe fills the right of the sheet, its coasts and territories labelled from Russia and Hungary down through Italy to Spain and Portugal, with a small comparative table of the regions of Spain, France and Germany. Around it Leonardo sketches men exerting their strength, with figures giving forces of 300 and 200 pounds, and wheels turned by cranks, noting that a more concentrated force has greater power. A flying machine is drawn within a rectangle, beside a memorandum about building the model large on a covered roof where those at the crossing-tower could not see the work.
On this page
Labelled map of Europe
The map names territories running from Russia, Prussia, Hungary, Austria and the Balkans through Italy and its regions to Gascony, Castile, Aragon, Spain, Portugal and Granada, with the Mediterranean lands set out around ITALY at the centre.
Comparative table of Spanish, French and German regions
A small chart lists, side by side, the provinces of Spain (Biscay, Castile, Galicia, Portugal, Tarragona, Granada), of France (Picardy, Normandy, Dauphine, Flanders) and of Germany (Austria, Saxony, Nuremberg), keyed by letters a to f.
A man held fixed exerting his natural force
Have the man held firm upon a b so that he can go neither up nor down; then he will exert his natural force with his arms and likewise with his legs. A figure of the man accompanies the note.
Building the flying-machine model on the roof
Board over the hall above and make the model large and tall; it would have room on the roof, more suitable than any place in Italy. And if you stay on the roof beside the tower, those of the crossing-tower will not see you. A flying machine is drawn within a rectangle.
A man pushing with hands and feet
The man's push a b exerts a force of 300 and his arms 200, making five hundred with great speed. The lever rises one braccio through half a motion while the counter-lever rises eight braccia, the man's weight reckoned so as to make 300 with the instrument.
Wheels turned by cranks
The force that is more united is of greater power. Several wheels are drawn, one having its greatest force in a certain part and another turned by a double-angled crank.