Codex Atlanticus75 pages

• Weights on a Curve, a Windlass, and a Clamping Machine
• Bird-flight notes and De ludo geometrico figures
• Wing-membrane studies and an articulated armature
• How a bird sets its wings to descend and steer
• Bird Flight: Tail-Rudders and the Centre of Gravity
• Oblique Descent of Birds; the Childhood Kite Memory
• The sphere of air and how a bird hangs still on the wind
• Flight of Birds, River Eddies, and a Note of Ducats Received
• Descent and Soaring of Birds, the Echo, and Rivers Moving Gravel
• The motion of wind and water, and painting a mountain-fall
• Flight of birds: turning, bounding and circling in the air
• Balances and weights, with prophecies and a note on flight
• Faint Verso Sketches, Perhaps for a Mechanical Wing
• Quadrature of Lunules and the Flight of Birds
• The Bird as a Mathematical Instrument
• On Impetus and the Three Natures of Motion
• Doubled Circles and a Bird Steering in the Wind
• Impetus in Fluids: Why a Fish Outswims a Bird
• Winds and Projectile Motion: The Path of an Arrow
• The North and South Winds: Their Nature and Effects
• Geometry of Circles, Squares, and Circular Rings
• Oar in water, wing in air: the equivalence of motion
• Oar and wing faster, slower, or equal to the water and air
• How air condenses and sustains a bird in flight
• Winds descending mountains: waves, eddies and whirlwinds
• The painter's life, colour contrast and a coupled-column design
• Squaring lunes and circles, with a note on wind vortices
• Quadrature of Circles: Doubling Circles and Squares
• On winds, clouds and the origin of lightning
• Bird flight and fish swimming: turning, balance and impetus
• The Soaring Bird: Wind, Wings and the Steering Tail
• The soaring bird rising in a spiral on the wind
• A bird's gliding descent without wind or wing-beat
• A mechanical 'bird of the comedy' and framing sketches
• Squaring lunes and dividing semicircles, with flight notes
• On sailing, driving piles, and the nature of the winds
• Anemometer, hygrometer and geared measuring instruments
• On the motion of flame, smoke, hail and clouds
• On the candle flame, heat and cold, and the winds
• Articulated Flying Wing with Flexion Mechanism
• Studies of Articulated Wings and Machine Joints
• Flying machine worked standing upright, with wing mechanism
• Birds in the Wind, Reflection in a Sphere, and Circle Diagrams
• How Heat, Moisture and Wind Make Clouds and Lightning
• On wind in caverns and the whirling motion of water
• Flying machine: wing-cloth fastened to the heels
• Flying machine driven by the operator's feet
• Sizing a man's wings from a bird's span and weight
• Harbour dredge and wing-lifting flight studies
• Wing proportions and an articulated wing linkage
• Mechanical wing with horn and quill springs
• Design for an articulated 'unjointed' mechanical wing
• Birds climbing on the wind without beating their wings
• A bird with open wings cannot fall straight down
• Flying-machine wing and the circulation of water
• Wing studies for a flying machine, with materials
• Mechanical Wing of Bent Cane and Thin Paper
• Faint Study of a Flying-Machine Wing
• Studies for a flying-machine wing and its rods
• Verso of the wing leaf, with columns of figures
• Study of an articulated wing for a flying machine
• Thrushes flying against the wind, with a wing study and a jest
• Pen studies of a wing-like frame and mechanisms
• Man-powered machines: force on an axle, a wing, a windlass
• Household Accounts, Reckonings and Notes on Bird Flight
• A vane balanced against the wind; equal powers and resistances
• Canal gradients and a series of balance-beam schemes
• Visual pyramids, bird flight, and a worm-screw mechanism
• Map of Europe, studies of human force, and a flying machine
• Flight of the swallow and the mechanical wing
• Oblique motion of weights, the sun raising the seas, and descent tests
• Faint mechanical studies recovered by restoration
• Beating-Wing Studies and the Four-Winged Dragonfly
• Flight studies with a pyramidal linen parachute
• Bird's Wings, Air Resistance and the Motion of Air and Water

Codex Arundel21 pages

• Prophecies, fables and an inventory, with motion studies
• The bird's eye and the angle of incidence on a sphere
• Of Birds: Falling Bodies, Obliquity and Pulley-Ropes
• Of the Gravity of the Excess: Tackles and Air Resistance
• Motion, weight, and wheels: the mover and the moved
• Index for a treatise on rivers, with a wing and calculations
• Waves, wind on water, and the circles of birds' flight
• Sand ripples, weights on inclined lines, and birds in flight
• Straight river-beds, river bends, and a bird riding the wind
• Bird flight balanced among the winds; machine-part sketches
• How Birds Soar Against the Wind Without Beating Their Wings
• An Instrument to Test the Motion of Air and Water
• How Elements Weigh in Motion; Air Drawn from a Vent
• Equal Motions from Unequal Force; the Sound of Flies
• Percussion in driven piles and the gliding of birds
• How winds collide, rebound, and grow dense
• The bridge at Borgo Ognissanti and the courses of wind
• On flyers: pulleys, falling bodies, and bird flight
• Why river beds run deepest at the centre; a soaring bird
• How a bird takes flight and soars against the wind
• Bridges of Borgo Ognissanti; river silting and mountain winds

Codex Forster I1 pages

• Inside of the cover with a mounted bird drawing

Codex Forster II2 pages

• Bone-structure of a bird's wing: three sources of power
• Greater and lesser inequality; air resisting a man's arms

Codex Forster III1 pages

• Crossing Bodies Appear Multiplied; Birds' Wings

Codex Madrid I4 pages

• Types of pivots and a vane that catches the air
• Sending a Thing Aloft by the Force of Wind
• Ballistics of the bombard: firing upward and with the wind
• Wind-driven gimbal to keep a man upright on a hill

Codex Madrid II13 pages

• A Wind-Driven Wheel and the Rim That Outruns the Air
• Sailing the Arno: A Boat Across the Wind
• The Force Needed to Move a Cart
• Wind speeds up as it condenses; winds on mountains and valleys
• Wind striking a wheel; further rectangle constructions
• Of the flyers: bearing weight and the wing that lifts an eighth
• The fury and power of birds' wings upon the air
• Cords of a tackle-block: which rope breaks, and the reflection of wind
• How the kite holds still in the wind and steers with tail and wings
• Flying without beating the wings: descending and circling on the wind
• Center of gravity of a cord over a pulley, and hovering in a scirocco
• On falling: how a bird levels itself and recovers a head-down plunge
• Kinds of Percussion, a Kite's Descent, and Squaring a Curve

Codex Urbinas (Treatise on Painting)3 pages

• The Physics of Gliding Birds and Figures in Motion
• Painting a Forty-Braccia Figure in a Space of Twenty
• The Nature of Winds and the Weight of Clouds

Codex on the Flight of Birds30 pages

• Feathers, Wing-Bones, and How a Wing Loads Its Supports
• Balancing the Airborne Man; a Bird's Course in the Wind
• How Birds Rise, Soar on the Wind, and Glide to Rest
• Reflex and incident wing-motions of birds in the wind
• Flying above the clouds; the sinews of an artificial wing
• Building the flying machine: strong joints, silk cords, no iron
• Centre of gravity and centre of magnitude in a flying bird
• Six rules for righting the bird against the wind
• The tail as balance; the wing does not press all its area on air
• How a Bird Rights Itself Against the Wind
• The Wing-Bone as a Wedge; a Rudder to Cut the Wind
• Bird as Swimmer; Banking, Soaring, and the Wing's Rudder
• Turning, Descending, and the Screw-Like Climb of Birds
• Truth and Falsehood; Four Kinds of Flight Path
• Studies for the Wing of a Flying Machine
• How a bird soars higher by circling on the wind
• Guarding the flying machine against a fatal fall
• How the wing's thumb holds a bird still against the wind
• The wing's thumb and the tail as two rudders of flight
• The shoulder pole and how birds soar in a semicircle
• The wing's hand makes the impetus; the elbow wedges the air
• Imitate the Bat: Membrane Wings and Balance in the Air
• Finding the Bird's Center of Gravity
• Persuasion for the Undertaking: The Power of Wings
• Rowing the Wing Down and Back; the Gliding Wing Edge-On
• The Wing Mechanism: Foot and Hand Row and Feather the Wing
• Wind, Tail and Balance in Bird Flight
• The Wing in Flapping Flight: Elbow, Air-Wedge and Oval Path
• Wing Study, the Diary of Lorenzo, and the Prophecy of the Great Bird
• Codex on the Flight of Birds: Composite Plate of Details

Paris Manuscript A2 pages

• On weights, blows, and the flight of projectiles
• The balance and the resistance of weights

Paris Manuscript B18 pages

• Flying machine for a prone man, with a valved wing
• Perforated wing and its construction in three zones
• Foot-powered flying machine, to be tested over a lake
• Ornithopter wing worked by cords, with neck-mounted rudder
• Scorpion-launching naval bombards and a flying-machine drive
• Flying-machine drive, covered paddle-boat, and a geared cart
• Screw-lift for the flying machine and force-multiplying carts
• Pilot in the flying-machine frame and armed reeds for the wings
• Siege mining: scoppietti poles, a deceiving tunnel, and bastions
• The prone-pilot flying machine and its driving gear
• Flying-machine controls and river-barrier devices
• The great flying machine with the upright pilot
• The aerial screw, and an armored cart drawn by horses
• Testing the Lifting Force of a Great Flapping Wing
• Curved Sprung Legs for the Flying Machine
• Bat and Eagle: Wing-Span, Weight and the Strength of Reeds
• Propulsive Mechanism of the Flying Machine
• Memoranda: Master Ludovico, Water Conduits and Wing-Load Sums

Paris Manuscript E47 pages

• On Birds: Steering Flight by the Wing-Beat
• On Birds: The Labor of the Downstroke and Impetus
• On Birds: Hovering Against the Wind and Wing Position
• On Birds: The Alula, Flight-Feathers and Shoulder Rudders
• On Birds: Simple, Compound and Decomposed Descent
• Weights, Their Movers, and the Rebound of a Heavy Body
• On the flight of birds: turning by bending the tail
• On the flight of birds: wingtips, wind and turning
• The Descent of Birds: Simple and Compound Obliquity
• Why Migrating Birds Fly Against the Wind
• Speed of a Bird's Descent by the Rules of Weight
• Beating Wings Against Still Air; Two Contrary Obliquities
• Why Raising the Wing Is Slower; the Kite's Circling Rise
• Raising Wings Is Easier; Widening the Tail; Man Might Fly
• A bird outracing the wind along a square's diagonal
• A bird twice as fast as the wind: oblique gliding
• Birds flying in flocks: bounding flight in a crosswind
• Why migrating flocks fly against the wind
• Figure-eight soaring and hovering motionless in the wind
• A classification of motions: straight, curved, and spiral
• Waves of the Wind and How Birds Ride Sea-Cliff Updrafts
• Why Small Birds Fly Low and Large Birds Fly High
• How a Bird Climbs on the Wind Without Beating Its Wings
• How a Bird Rights Itself After Falling Head-Down
• Banking with the Wingtip Rudder Instead of a Whole Wing
• How Birds Turn Without Rising or Falling
• The Underside of the Wing and How a Bird Turns
• Raising and Lowering the Wing, and the Wing-Bone
• The Wingtips: Their Curving and Bending in Flight
• Bird-Flight Studies: Wing Diagrams and Notes
• Whether the Curved Wingtips Are Necessary
• The Bent Wingtip: Condensing Air and the Circle c d b r
• Flight of birds: reflected winds and steering with the tail
• Bats and the descent of bodies through the air
• The oblique motion of birds and the wing rudders
• Bird manoeuvres: turning, landing, braking, and rising
• Theory of birds: banking flight and a weighted wheel
• Bird flight: wing feathers, landing, and steering in the wind
• Living vs. mechanical movers; a kite's descent in wind
• The wing's 'rudder' and the ship's rudder: how birds steer
• The wake of bird and ship: air and water closing the vacuum
• Keeping balance in gusts: how birds avoid capsizing in wind
• The Flight of Birds and the Science of Winds
• Bodies falling through air; a cord feels double its weight
• Balance arm in wheel vs air; the accidents of water and air
• Why an Oblique Beam Does Not Fall in a Straight Line
• At Parma, 27 September 1514: Air, Falling Bodies, Perspective

Paris Manuscript F6 pages

• Air Enclosed Under Water: Why Bubbles Rise Serpentining
• The motion of birds, and the earth seen from the moon
• Bodies turning in currents, birds in the wind, and a crystal hemisphere
• How Air Moves Before and Behind a Moving Body
• Why a Body Keeps Moving; Dust Motes in a Sunbeam
• Plan for the water treatise; impetus and how birds ride air

Paris Manuscript G14 pages

• The wind moves like a river; the three accidents of a leaf
• Oblique Flight of Birds in the Wind
• Birds Soaring Against a Contrary Wind
• On the Tremor of the Earth; a Bird Gliding Under the Wind
• How Birds End Their Flight: Oblique Descent and Landing
• How Birds Begin Their Flight: Taking Off from the Ground
• Flight of a Four-Winged Butterfly That Preys on Winged Ants
• Keeping Wind from Overturning a Bird; Perforated Wings in Ascent
• Colliding Winds; Doubling Squares, Circles and Lunes
• On Percussion: Falling Bodies and a Man's Descent
• Northern Winds at the Solstice; A Beam Hauled by Angled Cords
• Clouds and Winds: How Clouds Spin, Merge, and Make Rain
• The Flight of the Fly: Wings, Hovering, and Balance
• How Wind Forms, and Why a Cloud's Shadow Outruns It

Paris Manuscript I4 pages

• Rebounding Water Mixed with Air; the Wind Circius
• A River Whirlpool and an Anemometer (Wind-Vane)
• Four studies of air vortices striking obstacles
• On Motion in General; the Wind on Mountain Slopes

Paris Manuscript K34 pages

• Rebound of a struck stone; sketch of a mill and moving air
• Bird lifted by reflected wind; plan for a treatise on flight
• Descending bird in a turn; birds facing the wind on the waves
• How a lowered wing decides which way a bird sinks
• Why a bird must spread a lowered wing, and unequal wing-beats in turning
• How the wind acting on the tail turns a bird to face it
• Beating one wing twice to correct a tilt or to turn
• How the wing-tip pinions catch a following wind to lift the bird
• Whether the tail or the wings turns the bird into the wind
• Sheet of notes with a small sketch of a bird in flight
• How a bird turns by beating one wing
• The winglets that steer a gliding bird
• The wing's thumb as a rudder in flight
• How a bird tacks against the wind
• Bird with wings stretched forward
• The Bird Turning Itself into the Wind
• Do the Wing-Tips Matter for Flight?
• The Bird Soaring Against the Wind
• Why the Tail Turns the Bird More Than the Wing
• How a Bird Climbs and Steadies in Straight Flight
• Two Ways a Bird Rights Itself in a Gust
• How a Bird's Wing Sustains and Drives It in Still Air
• The Rotation of the Wing and the Ellipse Traced by Its Tip
• Trimming a Wing as a Sail and Climbing Against the Wind
• Flying Against the Wind, Dropping a Side, and Turning
• How a bird beats its wings to land
• A bird raising and lowering its wings in wind
• The bird steers with the horns of its tail
• Tail resistance and the circles of a bird's flight
• The kite gliding with wings and tail held oblique
• The Crossing of the Winds and the Birth of Lightning
• The Birth of the Wind and Its Curving Path
• A bird flying level appears to lose height as it recedes
• A bird flying level seems to rise as it nears the eye

Paris Manuscript L20 pages

• Kite pulled by cords, and plans of sacred buildings
• Wind in a sail, and two equal bodies on an inclined plane
• How descending birds control their swoop
• Wing and tail as the bird's rudders in flight
• How a bird descends and turns in flight
• Why a bird flies faster than the wind that drives it
• Righting an overturned bird; the lark's straight ascent
• How the bird's wing beats faster than the wind
• Feather resistance and the flexing of a wing surface
• Air-Valves for a Mechanical Wing
• Mechanical Wing: Feather Overlap and Flap Positions
• How a Bird's Spread Tail Brakes and Steers Its Flight
• A Mechanical Tail-Rudder for a Flying Machine
• Wing-Beat of Pigeons and Crows; Tail as a Brake
• Dividing the Flyer's Power for Straight or Circular Flight
• Notes on a Feather and on Fortification
• Suspended Model Bird for Studying Tail Movements
• How a Kite Steers by Twisting Its Tail
• How the Tail Turns and Steadies a Bird in Flight
• Of water and air; the harmony of falling water

Paris Manuscript M3 pages

• Why water over sand makes uneven waves — and what it proves about air
• How a Moving Body Generates Waves in the Air
• Swimming shows the method of flying

Ashburnham II (ex-Ms B)1 pages

• Insect-wing studies, calculations, and a caricatured figure