On winds, clouds and the origin of lightning
A closely written page of natural philosophy on rising air, wind, waves and the thunderbolt
This closely written page sets out Leonardo's theory of winds and storms. He compares mists rising into the cold upper region to water squeezed from a sponge or air from bellows, explains how winds are forced downward and rake the earth's surface, and how they raise menacing waves upon the sea. A marginal passage likens the heat trapped within a cloud to the vital heat of the body and describes how, compressed and kindled, it bursts out as the lightning-bolt.
On this page
How mists rise and winds are driven down
Rare, porous mists are thrust upward and, like water wrung from a sponge or air from bellows, force the air caught between them out sideways and downward, since the dense cloud above blocks its ascent. For this reason, Leonardo argues, all winds that beat the earth's surface come from above downward, and where they rebound they are bent into a violent course that continually rakes the ground.
Winds striking the sea raise great waves
Where such winds strike the salt sea, the angle between the incident line and the reflected line is completed, and from it rise the proud, menacing and engulfing waves. Most often, he notes, one wave begets the next.
Heat compressed in the cloud becomes lightning
In the margin the heat shut inside a cloud is likened to the body's vital heat, driven back to the heart and liver. Compressed toward the cloud's centre and reduced to pure element, it suddenly turns to fire, catches in the dry vapour, and bursts out with a din like water thrown on boiling oil or molten copper quenched in water. Splitting the cloud and tearing through the air, this is the lightning-bolt.
