Persuasion for the Undertaking: The Power of Wings
The bird's reserve muscle power, the footprint proof of man's strength, and inflatable safety bags
Under the heading "Persuasion for the undertaking, which removes the objections," Leonardo answers the objection that a bird's muscles are far stronger than a man's. He explains that the bird's great breast muscles, single breast-bone, and sinew-woven wings supply reserve power for doubling or tripling wing-beats to chase prey or flee, and for carrying weight, as when a falcon carries a duck or an eagle a hare; ordinary sustained flight needs little of it. He then argues that man likewise has double the leg force he needs, proving it by the depth of a footprint pressed into sand under load and in a leap. A separate note and a chain-of-bags sketch propose inflated skins to break a fall of six braccia into water or onto land.
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The bird's breast muscles and single breast-bone
Leonardo grants that the bird's fleshy breast muscles and its one-piece breast-bone provide very great power, with wings woven of thick sinews, strong cartilage ligaments, and tough skin. This description grounds the objection he intends to answer.
Reserve power for chasing prey and fleeing predators
Such strength is provided so the bird can double or triple its wing motion to escape a predator or pursue prey, and to carry through the air a weight equal to its own, as the falcon carries the duck and the eagle the hare. Ordinary sustaining, balancing, and steering need little force, and the larger the bird the slower its wing motion.
The footprint test: man's surplus leg force
Stand a man on sand and note how deep his footprint sinks; put a second man on his back and it sinks deeper; then let him leap as high as he can and the print sinks deeper still. By these two comparisons man is shown to have double the force needed to sustain himself.
Inflated bags to break a six-braccia fall
Bags are proposed by which a man falling from six braccia would not hurt himself, whether onto water or onto land. Tied together like rosary beads, they are to be wound around the body.
