How air condenses and sustains a bird in flight
Air gains weight only when it moves; a bird holds against the wind by an oblique line
A densely written physical argument on the weight and density of air and its bearing on flight. Leonardo holds that air weighs and resists only when it moves, condensing the faster it goes, so that a bird beating its heavy wings condenses the thin air beneath and makes it resist the descent. He balances the power of the wind against the weight of the bird - when equal the bird hangs motionless, when the wind is stronger it is lifted - and adds that a bird keeps its place against a strong wind by holding an oblique line. A small quadrant diagram with lines of varying inclination illustrates the geometry of oblique versus perpendicular directions.
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Air weighs and condenses only in motion
A part of an element does not weigh within its whole unless it moves; when it moves it condenses more or less according to the slowness or swiftness of its motion, and the denser it becomes the more it resists weights. Moving the object against still air is the same as moving the air against the resting object.
A bird beating its wings condenses the air beneath it
The bird, beating its heavy wings upon the thin air, condenses it and makes it resist its descent. When the power of the air's motion equals the power of the bird's descent, the bird hangs in the air without motion; if the wind is stronger it lifts the bird upward, and if weaker the bird comes down.
Holding position against a strong wind by an oblique line
The bird will keep its place without changing wings or position even when the wind is more powerful than its weight, making this resistance by its obliquity and staying along an oblique line. With the same wingspread, the bird that keeps to the more oblique line becomes the heavier in the air.
Line of equality and perpendicular in the quadrant diagram
A small quadrant of a circle carries a cross and lines of various inclination, labelled the line of equality and the perpendicular line. That line is the less oblique which lies nearer the perpendicular, and the more oblique the further it is removed from it.
