Front cover: Codex Madrid II (Leonardo Interactivo)
Binding: plain leather cover board
Front flyleaf with old library shelfmarks
Front flyleaf, verso (blank)
Flyleaf with Biblioteca Nacional stamp and shelf label
Blank flyleaf with faint library stamp
Front flyleaf (blank guard leaf)
Front flyleaf (blank guard leaf)
Weapons & FortificationSpanish title-page: treatises on fortification, statics and geometry
Blank leaf with show-through of the title-page
CartographyArno survey, walling costs, and the note of 6 June 1505
CartographyLevelling of the Arno and the excavation works at Piombino
CartographyRiver survey of the lower Arno valley with distances
Lists & AccountsList of books left locked in the chest
Lists & AccountsBooklist continued, with compass bearings to Tuscan towns
Lists & AccountsTally of the books, with measurements and worked figures
Arithmetic & ProportionMoney reckonings beneath a rocky crag crowned with buildings
Lists & AccountsInventory of garments in the chest at the monastery
Physics & MechanicsA Wind-Driven Wheel and the Rim That Outruns the Air
Arithmetic & ProportionA Winter Proverb and Sums for the Ditch
Civil EngineeringCosting the Excavation of the Fortress Ditch
Machines & DevicesLarge Timber Machine with Wheels
Physics & MechanicsSailing the Arno: A Boat Across the Wind
CartographySurvey of the Arno Valley at Cascina
CartographyRelief Sketch of Hills around La Verruca (Dolorosa Veruca)
CartographyMap of the Lower Arno Valley: Caprona, Vico, Montecchio
Civil EngineeringCost of Excavating the Fortress Ditch and Foundations
Civil EngineeringRows of Diggers and the Rising Price of the Ditch by Depth
Civil EngineeringDimensions of the Fortress Ditch and the Files of Diggers
Civil EngineeringStepped Trench: Men Needed to Cast Earth Up by Depth
Civil EngineeringCosting the removal of a cylindrical mass of rock
GeometryDefinitions of lines, angles and triangles
ArchitectureFaint cutaway of a domed building with squared plan
ArchitectureFaint cutaway of a domed building
Blank leaf (folio 13)
Blank leaf with faint offset text
Blank leaf (folio 14)
Blank leaf with faint offset stains
CartographyArno valley survey: La Lastra to Montelupo
Painting & PerspectiveOn Perspective: the eye and images on a wall
CartographyArno itinerary: Florence to Pisa with distances
LandscapeRed-chalk landscape and perspective sketches
CartographyTopographic hill profile near Florence: l'Incontro
CartographyHill profile: Monteoliveto, Bellosguardo, Montici, Bitta
CartographyFaint hill profile continuing the Arno-valley survey
CartographyHill profile: Rucano, Paradiso, Incontro
CartographyHill profile with Rucano and Paradiso
CartographyHill profile (Montici, Edna) with column multiplication
CartographyFaint topographical sketch of the Arno valley
CartographyHills north of Florence: Fiesole, Ceceri, Monte Morello named
CartographyThe Ema and Arno on a hill sketch, with a red-chalk device
Fables & ProseA jest of the archpriest of Santa Maria del Monte at Varese
CartographyWashed hill sketch: San Miniato and Montici, with a maxim
CartographyMap of Tuscany: the lower Arno valley (Valdarno inferiore)
CartographyMap of the Lower Valdarno and Arno Valley
Optics & LightThe Apparent Size of Bright and Dark Objects
Optics & LightWhy Two Eyes See Light More Strongly Than One
GeometrySquare Roots by a Semicircle, and the Fortress of Piombino
Optics & LightDarkness, Shadow, and the Senses of the Cat
Painting & PerspectiveOn Painting: Universal Light and the Vision of the Owl
Painting & PerspectiveOn Painting: The Beauty of Colour, Lustre and Reflected Light
Optics & LightOn Perspective: The Pupil Widens in Dark and Narrows in Light
Optics & LightOn Perspective: The Pupil, Nocturnal Animals and the Owl's Eye
Optics & LightNear-Blank Leaf with Show-Through of an Eye-and-Window Diagram
Optics & LightNear-Blank Leaf with Show-Through of Dense Optical Notes
Optics & LightThe Eye Seeing Through a Window; Dark Objects on a Light Field
Blank leaf (folio 29 recto)
Blank leaf (folio 29 verso)
Blank leaf (folio 30 recto)
Weapons & FortificationOblique cuts of the citadel rock toward the sea
Weapons & FortificationWhy the new citadel walls crack, and shoring the sea front
Physics & MechanicsThe stamp of the flax-brake: five ways to gain power
Physics & MechanicsThe blow amplified by a rebound motion
Civil EngineeringEstimating the earthwork: cutting the hill and moat
Civil EngineeringDimensioned section of the hill and moat
Lists & AccountsCost accounts for the fortification
Weapons & FortificationMasonry of the fortress and moat walls
GeometryQuadrature (volume) of the pyramid
Physics & MechanicsSailing boats, wind force, and fortress-cost notes
Arithmetic & ProportionCost calculations for a round fortress tower
Weapons & FortificationExcavation costing for the fortress ditch
Weapons & FortificationThe citadel tower and moat: dimensions and cost
Weapons & FortificationFortress towers, a radiating star, and conical forms
Weapons & FortificationExcavating the ditch of Monte a Santa Maria in live rock
Weapons & FortificationPiombino Fortifications: Parapet, Covered Way, and Costs
Weapons & FortificationThe Citadel Tower: Dimensions and Masonry Costs
Weapons & FortificationThe Citadel Tower: Talus, Casemate, and Defenses
Machines & DevicesFaint Chalk Sketch of a Beamed Framework
GeometryGeometric Proof: Figures Equal to Their Squares
Blank Verso (folio 40v)
HydraulicsFaint studies of turbulent water and frame structures
Physics & MechanicsA repeated impulse driving a suspended weight
HydraulicsReflected waves colliding in mid-channel of a river
HydraulicsThe never-emptied barrel, rivers moving the earth, and whirlpools
HydraulicsA radial wheel of tubes filling and emptying
Machines & DevicesA windmill built entirely of cloth, with its costing
GeometryA Triangular Pyramid Is Half the Square Pyramid
GeometryPyramids Divided into Equal Triangular Solids
GeometryDouble the Height, Eight Times the Solid
Weapons & FortificationSapping Trenches That Show the Enemy Fewest Angles
Physics & MechanicsThe Force Needed to Move a Cart
Arithmetic & ProportionContinuous and Discontinuous Proportionality
Arithmetic & ProportionOn Proportion: Its Names, Members, and Three Species
GeometryCommensurable and Incommensurable Quantities
Arithmetic & ProportionSimple Inequality: Multiple, Superparticular, Superpartient
Arithmetic & ProportionSummary of the Ratio Types, with a Multiplication Table
Arithmetic & ProportionProportionality vs Proportion; the Three Proportional Means
Arithmetic & ProportionContinuous and Discontinuous Proportionality
Arithmetic & ProportionOn Proportion: Continuous and Discontinuous Proportionality
GeometryReducing Any Solid to a Cube
Arithmetic & ProportionMultiplying an Unknown Line by the Rule of Three
Blank Leaf with Offset of the Facing Page
Blank Leaf with Show-Through of the Arno Map
CartographySurvey Map of the Arno Valley near Pisa
CartographySurvey map of the lower Arno and Pisan plain
Physics & MechanicsOn simple, composite, and decomposed local motion
GeometryNear-blank recto (folio 54r) with show-through of a geometric solid
GeometryDividing a wedge into three equal pyramids
Machines & DevicesA water-organ: harmony from falling water
Machines & DevicesA windmill, a wedge's centre of gravity, and mean proportionals
GeometryA prism divided into equal pyramids
GeometryConstructing a line equal to a segment's remainder
GeometryTransmuting squares and rectangles into equal figures
GeometryNear-blank verso with show-through of geometry
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Blank leaf (folios 58v-59r)
Blank leaf (folios 58v-59r)
Blank leaf (folios 59v-60r)
Blank leaf (folio 60)
Blank leaf (folios 60v-61r)
GeometrySquaring circular portions into triangles
GeometryTen-pointed star with crescent lunes
GeometrySquaring circular sectors and figures
GeometryQuadrature proofs and the light of the moon
Painting & PerspectiveOn the mathematical sciences and their offspring
Largely blank leaf with red-chalk offset
Physics & MechanicsBalance of two weights and the lamp's wheel
Machines & DevicesStudies of two sailing boats
HydraulicsHow a Sea Wave Breaks on a Sloping Shore
GeometrySquaring Triangles and the Volume of Pyramids
GeometrySolids on Square and Triangular Bases; a Retort on Birth
Physics & MechanicsAngles of the Balance and the Diagonal of a Cube
Physics & MechanicsThe Center of Gravity of a Pyramid
GeometryDividing the Cube into Pyramids; the Two Mathematical Sciences
GeometryThe Pyramid as One-Third of the Cube; the Order of the Sciences
GeometryDividing the Cube into Six, Three and Other Fractions
GeometrySimilar Triangles in Quadruple Proportion; the Cube in Six Pyramids
GeometryScaling of Squares, Triangles and Pyramids by Multiplication
GeometryGeneral Rule for Cutting a Wedge
GeometryThe Wedge Cut and the Pyramid as One-Sixth of the Solid
GeometryDividing the cube: a tetrahedron is one-sixth of it
Optics & LightThe eye adjusting to light, and muscles in exertion
Painting & PerspectiveAerial perspective: distant bodies dim and turn blue
Painting & PerspectiveChoosing a site's light to give faces graceful relief
GeometrySquaring the oval: a circle equal to an oval figure
Figure StudiesFaces changing with a man's emotions and toil
GeometryColour perspective in shadow; lowering a rectangle to a set height
Ornament & HeraldryRecipe for imitation jasper and agate; a geometrical area proof
GeometryTransforming rectangles and a theorem on equal triangles
FlightWind speeds up as it condenses; winds on mountains and valleys
FlightWind striking a wheel; further rectangle constructions
Machines & DevicesA single bell keyed and struck to sound like four
Machines & DevicesHarmonic instruments: bagpipe, organ and a mechanical viola
Civil EngineeringCost and construction of the Pistoia canal
Arithmetic & ProportionDisjunct and conjunct proportionality
Fables & ProseA jest: the thief who turned the tables on the mercer
Arithmetic & ProportionBranching tree of proportion and proportionality
Painting & PerspectivePerspective of colours; figures pushing and pulling
Weapons & FortificationFortified Enclosure with Round Towers: View and Plan
Physics & MechanicsOf Weight: Between Arithmetic and Geometry
Physics & MechanicsThe Weight of Elements: A Balance in Air and in Water
GeometrySquaring the Gnomon and Equal Curved and Straight Parallelograms
GeometryCircles Quadruple to One Another and the Proportion of Lunes
GeometrySurfaces of Double and Quadruple Proportion Superimposed
GeometryQuadrature of lunes: crescents equal to rectilinear areas
GeometryCurved-sided triangles equal to a straight-sided figure
Near-blank recto (folio 83r)
FlightOf the flyers: bearing weight and the wing that lifts an eighth
FlightThe fury and power of birds' wings upon the air
Physics & MechanicsOf the waters: no body weighs within its own element
GeometryCommon measure of line a c and a doubling number series
Machines & DevicesSpoked wheel, building sketch and a letter fragment
Weapons & FortificationTwin fortresses for two castellans: shared gates and walls
Weapons & FortificationA fortress of two triangular towers for two castellans
ArchitectureBuilding advice: timber, house orientation and walls
ArchitectureMaking lime and mortar for walls, vaults and cisterns
Civil EngineeringFounding a Sea-Wall: Lowering Caissons onto the Rock
Civil EngineeringFounding in the Sea, and the Port of Piombino
Weapons & FortificationTowers, Casemates, and a Sheltering Harbour Wall
Weapons & FortificationThe Castellan's Secret Passages and a Hexagonal Fort
Weapons & FortificationIron Portcullises, Machicolations, and Low Entrances
Weapons & FortificationA Plain Fortress of Double Walls Filled with Earth
Weapons & FortificationGun-Embrasures and Defense of Mine-Galleries
Weapons & FortificationStaggered Embrasures and an Ideal Square Fortified Town
Weapons & FortificationTowers in Deep Water, Counter-Mines and Ditches
Weapons & FortificationOutworks and Mortar-Proof Towers
Weapons & FortificationFortresses Adapted to Their Sites
Weapons & FortificationInner Works of a Keep and Mortar-Proof Bastions
Weapons & FortificationThe Castellan's Keep: Storerooms, Powder Store and Water Control
Weapons & FortificationThe Common Parts of a Fortress: Members One Through Sixteen
Weapons & FortificationCorner Turrets, the Sally-Port, and Testing Foundations
Weapons & FortificationThe Seven Particular Parts: Ditch Profiles and the Mid-Ditch Wall
Weapons & FortificationThe Inner Pit, Ravelins and Scarped Turrets of the Ditch
Weapons & FortificationParapets, Merlons and the Bomb-proof Casemate
Weapons & FortificationFortress Walls, Foundations and the Design of Gates
GeometryEquating a Curvilinear Right Angle, and a Retractable Bridge
Weapons & FortificationThe Ten Kinds of Gun, Their Alloys and Powder Charges
Physics & MechanicsStrain in a Rope over a Pulley, and Refining Gunpowder
Physics & MechanicsWhere a Loaded Rope Breaks: Coils, Weight and the Pulley
Physics & MechanicsMechanical Advantage of Pulley Tackle and the Point of Rupture
Physics & MechanicsThe science of the cord: how a rope bears weight and where it breaks
Physics & MechanicsCords of a tackle-block: which rope breaks, and the reflection of wind
FlightHow the kite holds still in the wind and steers with tail and wings
FlightFlying without beating the wings: descending and circling on the wind
Physics & MechanicsCenter of gravity of a cord over a pulley, and hovering in a scirocco
FlightOn falling: how a bird levels itself and recovers a head-down plunge
Blank leaf (folios 102v-103r)
Blank leaf (folios 103v-104r)
Machines & DevicesFaint sketch for laying out a screw thread
Machines & DevicesMarking out a screw thread by hand
GeometrySquaring the circle by 196 sectors
GeometryVolume of a truncated pyramid and squaring the circle
GeometrySquaring the sectors of quadruple circles
GeometryProving two surfaces equal without motion
GeometryTurning a straight pyramid into a curved one by motion
GeometryPostulates and common notions for a geometry of surfaces
Arithmetic & ProportionRule of proportion for equating parts of unequal circles
GeometrySurfaces in triple ratio: uncovered areas and squaring
GeometrySquaring a curvilinear triangle from lunes and segments
GeometryConceptions on the equality of superimposed surfaces
GeometryBisecting any angle and the mean proportional of circles
GeometryQuadrature of curvilinear figures by superimposed segments
GeometryOn the equality of unequal surfaces; squaring the lunula
GeometryTurning triangles between rectilinear and curvilinear form
GeometrySquaring the Circle: the Science of Equalization
GeometrySquaring Curved Triangles by Ratios of Circles
GeometryEqual Areas by Cutting and Shifting Parts
GeometrySquaring Curved Triangles from Circles in Double Ratio
GeometryCurvilinear Triangles Equal to Any Rectilinear Triangle
GeometrySquares and Triangles Made Equal Between Parallels
GeometrySquaring a Curvilinear Figure Equal to a Rectilinear One
GeometryTriangle and Square Between Parallel Lines
GeometryCutting a Ninth of a Circle Between Two Parallel Lines
GeometryPortions and Sectors in Proportion
GeometrySquaring the Triangle of Three Curved Sides
GeometryLunes, Quadruple Portions, and the Root of Ten
GeometrySquaring Lunes and Dividing Circular Portions into Sevenths
GeometryDividing the Lune and Squaring a Fraction of a Square
GeometrySquaring Curved Figures; a Note on Etching Plates for Print
GeometryPyramids and Wedges Bisected by Semicircle Peripheries
GeometryDiagrams of Equal Lunes and Divided Circles
GeometryThe Cube's Diagonal in Sesquialteral Proportion
Machines & DevicesA Spring-Lever Device for Motion "Without a Lever"
Machines & DevicesNaming the Parts of a Ship's Rigging
Machines & DevicesSketches of a Lateen Sail: Fore and Aft Bowlines
Physics & MechanicsSailing from a Northeast Wind toward the Southeast
Machines & DevicesThe Lateen Sail Named Part by Part
Physics & MechanicsHow Close a Ship Can Sail to the Wind
Machines & DevicesSailing to Windward: Tacking a Ship Against the Wind
Machines & DevicesPoints of Sail: Quartering Wind and a Straight Course
Painting & PerspectiveOn Painting: Green Shadows at Sunset, Piombino 1504
Machines & DevicesWinch of the Sea and of Ships (Argano di mare)
HydraulicsHow Sea Waves Break: Incident and Reflected Motion
Fables & ProseA Jest: The Poor Man Who Claimed Kinship from Adam
GeometryDividing a Cube into Pyramids and Their Weights
Painting & PerspectiveOn the Eye and the Harmony of Shadows with Their Lights
Painting & PerspectiveOn Painting: Show Muscles Only Where the Body Exerts Force
Painting & PerspectiveUntranscribed Note at the Head of Folio 128v
Blank Leaf (folio 129r)
Blank Leaf (folio 129v / 130r)
GeometryCircle divisions and a hatched triangle (geometry)
GeometryCircular sectors, semicircles, and crescents made equal
GeometryTwo equal semicircles divided into equal parts
GeometryTransforming circular segments with fractional ratios
GeometryDividing circular portions into 3 and 5 similar parts
Arithmetic & ProportionThe tip of a pyramid: squaring and cubing its fractions
GeometrySquaring and dividing curved-sided triangles (falcate)
GeometryAngles inscribed in a circle; squaring curved-sided pyramids
GeometrySquaring the lune; equating curved and rectilinear triangles
CartographyField survey: a polygon plotted by bearings and distances
GeometrySheet of geometric studies: lunes, vaults and radial plans
GeometryMotion on an incline; curved-figure and radial-plan studies
GeometryDividing a Semicircle into Curvilinear 'Pyramids'
GeometryCutting a Third from a Semicircle Between Parallels
GeometrySuperposition of Equal Surfaces, Curved and Straight
Physics & MechanicsKinds of Percussion, a Kite's Descent, and Squaring a Curve
Weapons & FortificationCartridge and Charge for Artillery Engines
GeometryConstructing an Equilateral Triangle on a Given Line
GeometryEuclid's common notions: the axioms of equality
GeometryQuadrilaterals, parallel lines, and the five postulates
GeometryThe circle, semicircle, segments, and kinds of triangle
GeometryEuclid's definitions: point, line, surface, and angle
Sculpture & CastingCasting the Sforza horse and recipes for casting medals
Sculpture & CastingCasting the Sforza horse: seams, position, and firing pit
Sculpture & CastingCasting the Horse: Furnaces, Mould Joints and Armature Irons
Sculpture & CastingSealing the Mould's Outer Seams and the Final Clay Layers
Sculpture & CastingPouring the Bronze: Furnace Taps, Soaking and Heating the Mould
Sculpture & CastingDistributing the Bronze, Choosing Fuel, Freeing the Cope
Sculpture & CastingInner Mould Mixture, Pouring Gates and Timing Notes
Sculpture & CastingFiring the Mould, Lifting the Cope, the Core and the Casting Pit
Sculpture & CastingCasting the horse's tail: waterproofing and sealing the mold
Sculpture & CastingMolten bronze lifting the core; melting, alloying and charging the furnace
Sculpture & CastingLeveling the bronze: a water-channel test for the cast
Sculpture & CastingThe cost of the casting; filling the horse's base and the rising-bronze mark
Sculpture & CastingThe detachable casting channel; a faint chalk horse beneath the text
Sculpture & CastingRe-firing the mold, weighing its earth, and unstopping the furnace
Sculpture & CastingCasting the Sforza Horse: mould lining and bronze delivery
Sculpture & CastingCasting trials: mould material and why the horse stands upright
Sculpture & CastingCasting the horse inverted: access door and pouring sequence
Sculpture & CastingThe core vent and the shape of the melting furnace
Sculpture & CastingFounding recipes: salt, flux, fires and mould coats
Sculpture & CastingCasting proportions: bronze per pound of earth, wax and wood
Sculpture & CastingCasting the bronze: fuel, smoke, and the simultaneous pour
Sculpture & Casting20 December 1493: to cast the horse lying down and tailless
Sculpture & CastingFilling the mould slowly so the bronze can shrink and feed
Blank leaf with show-through from the facing page
Blank leaf with faint bleed-through and library stamp
Figure StudiesFaint red-chalk study of legs and lower body
Sculpture & CastingDevice for carrying and lowering the horse-mould cover
Sculpture & CastingUniversal method of lowering the horse-mould by winch
Sculpture & CastingArmature of the throat and body of the horse-mould
Sculpture & CastingRemoving the horse-mould cover and carrying it away
Sculpture & CastingMetal distance-pieces holding the mould off the core
Sculpture & CastingIron fittings and chainings of the mould's armature
Sculpture & CastingPiece-Mould for the Horse's Head and Neck
Sculpture & CastingArmature for Casting the Bronze Horse
Blank leaf (folio 157v)
Blank end flyleaf
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End guard leaf with pen trials
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Facsimile edition credits (CREDITOS)
Facsimile edition credits (continued)
Facsimile edition credits and acknowledgements
Codex Madrid II: leather binding surface
Codex Madrid II: leather binding surface