The Lateen Sail Named Part by Part
penna, carro, poggia, antennale, ballumine, gratile, and the aft bowline
This recto sets out the anatomy of a lateen sail, labelling the yard and the edges of the canvas: the antennale, the ballumine (leech) and the gratile (bolt-rope), together with the parts of the spar — the penna (peak), the carro (heel/tack) and the poggia. Leonardo notes that the two ropes n m carry interchangeable names, one called caruglio and the other the aft bowline (orza a poppa). A large pen triangle at the upper right shows the sail with these points marked, and a ruled construction below works out the yard's angle. The lower-left text breaks off in mid-sentence.
On this page
Edges and spar of the lateen sail
a b is the antennale, a c the ballumine (leech), b c the gratile (bolt-rope). On the spar, a is the penna (peak), b the carro (heel), c the poggia; d c is the antenna (yard).
Two ropes, two names: caruglio and orza a poppa
n m are two ropes bearing interchangeable names, one called caruglio and the other the aft bowline (orza a poppa). The sentence explaining which is caruglio breaks off unfinished.
Ruled construction for the yard's set
Below the sail Leonardo draws a ruled figure — a rectangle crossed by a diagonal and verticals — that works out the angle at which the yard is carried. The word poggia is written beside the large sail triangle above it.