Two War Machines: Sling-Catapult and Crossbow Wheel
A counterweight stone-thrower and a sixteen-crossbow wheel, with loading gear
This composite leaf gathers two of Leonardo's war engines. The upper sheet (182a) shows a counterweight sling-catapult on an A-frame trestle: a lever B turns a lantern pinion N of four staves against a great wheel of 200 teeth, so that a falling 1200-pound weight drives a sling to cast a 50-pound stone, with detailed instructions for cocking and release. The lower sheet (182b) shows a great wheel of sixteen spokes, each carrying a crossbow and arrow, loaded in turn by a ratchet-and-spring device on the hub and lettered A-G. Notes give the gearing and weights and warn that the holding cord must be short lest the falling weight jerk and break the machine.
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Counterweight sling-catapult (fromba)
The engine is built from a lever B of 8 braccia turning a lantern pinion N of four staves against a great wheel of 200 teeth and a pulley M of one braccio; a sling casts a stone of 50 pounds, driven by a falling counterweight of 1200 pounds that is the 'cause of the motion.' Leonardo warns the cord holding the counterweight must be just one braccio, the distance the stone falls, so the weight does not deliver a jerk to the cord and shatter the machine.
Gearing and load figures
The main drawing is annotated with its key quantities: 200 teeth and 16 braccia for the great wheel, 4 staves (fusi) at A, the pinion N and pulley M at 1 braccio, a 50-pound projectile, lever B of 8 braccia, and at P-G a 1200-pound weight marked 'cause of the motion,' with S and D lettering the release linkage.
Method of releasing the sling (modo di scoccare)
A step-by-step procedure explains cocking and firing: a ring beneath the great wheel holds the counterweight cord; the wheel is lowered by a screw so its notch sits level with the pulley, the cord set in the notch at point A, the wheel given a full turn by lever B, the beam lowered by its foot-screw, and lever B fixed at P. Pulling the cord (ending in an S) draws the lantern-pinion timbers to point D so the pinion leaves the wheel's teeth at pivot N, matching the detail marked E, and the sling releases.
Wheel bearing sixteen crossbows
A great wheel of sixteen spokes carries a crossbow with its arrow on each spoke, mounted in a heavy timber frame; a device engaged on the hub loads each bow in turn as the wheel revolves, with the loading gear drawn separately to the right. (Described from the drawing; the transcribed block for this sheet is a caption only.)
Hub loading mechanism (A, B, C, D ... G)
Wheels A and B load the crossbows, their tooth held by a spring (figured at point p) so they advance one step at a time on the stile D E. Once the cord is drawn to the nut with the instrument G, pulling the ring F frees the springs from notches O and P, letting wheels A and B turn on the stile so the cord can be lengthened back to G, while wheel C runs free of itself.
