Longitudinal and square-based waves in a canal
How waves born on the banks intersect, curve, and are destroyed by clashing currents
Leonardo relates the number of longitudinal waves in a canal to the protuberances of its banks, and shows how the intersection of longitudinal waves generates waves of square base (labelled a c, b c, c d, c e). A second note treats concave square waves and how the columnar waves' curving eventually straightens into the common course, or is confounded by obstacles. He closes by classing the objects that deflect water into three kinds: water struck by water, a bendable object, or a stable one. The right-hand diagrams show crossing wave-lines and a net-like intersection pattern.
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Longitudinal waves and square-based waves (a c, b c, c d, c e)
As many longitudinal waves form in a canal as there are protuberances on its banks. Waves of square base are generated by the intersection of the longitudinal waves born on the banks, as the waves a c and b c intersect in the quantity c d and c e.
Concave square waves (a b c d, e b f d)
The concavities of square waves are themselves also square, as shown by the square wave a b c d with its concavities surrounded in four places; the square wave is made as e b f d. Square waves are confounded in the incurving of the columnar waves, which in the long run straighten into the common course of the water.
Three kinds of object that deflect water
The motion of water within water changes as many reflected courses as there are various oblique objects that receive its incident motion. The objects of the water are of three kinds: water struck by water, a bendable object, or a stable one.