Surface waves and currents that override one another
Oblique currents layering over each other, and turbid water entering a deep pool
Under the heading of surface waves, Leonardo shows a wave curling against an obstacle (e) and a turbulent clash of currents (labelled a through m). He describes how water striking obliquely slows and reflects, while the water arriving after covers it with a thin garment and runs swiftly over it, each layer in turn slowing at the same place. A closing note observes that turbid running water, entering a deep pool from a height, carries far on its begun impetus before it sinks and mixes with the still water.
On this page
Surface waves and a wave against an obstacle (e)
The page is headed with surface waves. At upper right a wave curls and rebounds against a small labelled point e, illustrating how a moving wave behaves on meeting an obstacle.
Oblique currents layering over one another (a–m)
Water that strikes another water very obliquely: the part that strikes first reflects and slows at once, while the water arriving after covers it with a thin garment and runs swiftly over it. That layer too then reflects and slows in the same place, and the next does the like, so the course continues successively.
Turbid water entering a deep pool
Running turbid water, if it rises high and enters the deep, runs a good way on the elevation of its begun impetus before it sinks or mixes with the other water.