Defining the semicolumnar wave and the rebounding wave
Where a wave is oblique, wide, or high; crossing currents unmixed; and a wave rebounding at the surface
Leonardo opens with a program for defining the semicolumnar wave: which part of its width is more or less oblique, how it begins and ends, where it is wider, higher, or thicker, and how it varies in size and speed. He notes that two waters can run one over the other without mixing for a long space when their entries into the deep differ in height and speed. A lower diagram (a through K) shows a wave near the surface rebounding upward and backward as it strikes, then falling on the angle of the current and passing under.
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Definition of the semicolumnar wave
A program to define the semicolumnar wave: which part of its width is more or less oblique, how it begins and ends, where it is more or less wide, or more or less high (that is, thick), and the varieties it makes in being large or small, fast or slow.
Crossing currents that run unmixed into the deep
The waters run one over the other without mixing for a long space when their entry into the deep is higher and swifter for one than for the other.
Rebounding wave near the surface (a–K)
Here the water near the surface rebounds upward and backward as it strikes; the water that rebounds backward and falls upon the angle of the current goes under and behaves as shown above at a b c d e f.