River meanders eroding mountain roots; mill and weight notes
Concentric wave rings, a weight-descent problem, and why mills silt up on shores
The left folio (63v) carries large concentric ring diagrams, small spoked wheels and mechanical sketches, while the right folio (60r) is densely written on the behaviour of rivers. The notes argue that rivers meander across their valleys, striking and consuming the roots of the flanking mountains and rebounding from one side to the other, so that over time the valley grows in width, length and depth. A separate remark warns that mills cannot be built in ponds or on the sea because storms silt up any canal cut along the shore, and a marginal problem treats how descending weights move a body b along the space b f. Further untranscribed numerals accompany the marginal figures.
On this page
Rivers meander and undercut their flanking mountains
The courses of rivers wind across the widths of their valleys from one mountain to the other, striking and consuming their roots. The wave made by these sinuosities moves following the flight of the water and, over time, searches out the whole length of the valley if it is not impeded.
Valleys grow in width, length and depth over time
As the winding current strikes one bank and rebounds against the opposite mountain, it wears away the lateral mountains and continually enlarges the valley in width, length and depth. The same process begins again from the start until the flanking mountains are consumed.
Descending weights move body b along b f to g
If a at 2 moves b to f by its descent to c, then 4, by its descent to d, will move b twice the space b f. Therefore it will travel to g.
Mills cannot be built in ponds or on the sea
Mills are not to be built in ponds or on the sea, because storms fill with sand every canal that is cut along their shores.
Concentric ring diagram
A large set of concentric circles is drawn across the left folio, of the kind Leonardo used to study the spreading of waves and ripples on water. Smaller spoked wheels and mechanical line-diagrams accompany it lower down the page.
