Siphons and Trick Drinking Vessels; Warm vs. Cold Water
How liquid rises and fully empties through siphon channels, and why heat changes water's weight
The folio studies vessels that behave like a siphon (cicognola). In a sectioned flask, liquid enters at the hole a, climbs the channel a b, and drains through the second channel b c, which is compelled to pour out all the wine standing above the hole. A ribbed drinking cup hides the same trick, emptying entirely through its base. Along the way Leonardo notes that water grows heavier and noisier the warmer it is, and gains lightness as it cools, illustrated by two flasks of hot and cold water hung from the arms of a balance.
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Siphon flask: rise and complete discharge (b, a, c)
The liquid enters at the hole a, rises through channel a b, and descends through the second channel b c, which carries down all the wine standing above a. This channel is proved to be forced to pour out the wine entirely, after the manner of the channels called siphons.
Ribbed trick cup that empties through its base
In the ribs or segments of the drinking vessel the 'trick of the wine' is contrived, so that the whole draught pours out through the bottom of the cup. Sections and a detail of the vessel accompany the note.
Hot versus cold water weighed on a balance
Two waters from one and the same spring differ in weight by as much as one is warmer than the other; water gains as much lightness as it gains coldness. Two vessels, one of hot and one of cold water, hang from the ends of a balance.