On weight and motion: heavy bodies and the four elements
Falling to the centre, the spheres of the elements, and the well through the earth
This page belongs to Leonardo's projected treatise on weight and motion. He argues that every heavy body descends toward the centre of the elements by the shortest path, accelerating as it falls and losing apparent heaviness the more oblique its descent. Ordering the four elements by levity — fire highest and lightest, then air, water, and earth — he describes their striving toward their own spheres, cites Aristotle that everything desires to keep its nature, and imagines a body dropped down a well bored through the earth, carried past the centre for years by its impetus. Marginal notes define weight, force, blow, and impetus as the offspring of motion.
On this page
Heavy bodies fall to the centre, faster the further they fall
Every heavy body removes itself as far as it can from the light and comes to rest with its centre at the centre of the elements, falling toward it by the shortest way. The heavier it is the sooner it descends, and the more it descends the faster it becomes; but the more oblique the descent, the more the weight loses of its heaviness and loads its support.
The four elements and their spheres
Fire is the lightest element and of least resistance; air is lighter than water, and water lighter than earth. Each strives to reach its own sphere by the shortest path — vaporized water returns and descends through the air, and earth sinks to the bottom of water because the lighter cannot resist the heavier.
A well through the earth: impetus carries the body past the centre
If a diameter of air could be given to the sphere of the earth, like a well passing from one surface to the other, and a heavy body were dropped down it, then even though the body wished to stop at the centre, its impetus would prevent it for many years.
Weight, force, blow and impetus, offspring of motion
Gravity and force are called the daughters of motion and the sisters of impetus and percussion, and stand in continual desire not to be; each maintains its being only by violence. Weight, the corporeal and palpable thing Leonardo treats first, is what no element sustains — rather all drive it away equally from afar.
Impetus delays the desire of the moved thing
The impetus born from motion often delays the desire of the thing that has been moved.
