Magic Squares, Riddles and Parlour-Trick Experiments
Recreational mathematics and physics games: number squares, riddles, and tricks with glasses, coins and nails
A crowded sheet of recreational science and mathematical games. The right column poses magic-square puzzles - 3x3 arrays lettered a, b and c that must keep nine 'per side' as numbers are added or removed, together with a numbered cross and a recipe for softening and restoring egg-shells with vinegar and saltpetre. The left column gathers riddles (the candle's light and fire) and a run of physical parlour tricks: coins dropped edgewise into a brimming glass, a cane struck across two water-glasses without spilling them, a coin knocked through a handkerchief into a flask, and an inverted flask that draws water up over a burning coal. Small sketches accompany devices for twisting a thick nail by hand and driving a nail home in a single hammer-blow.
On this page
Magic squares keeping 'nine per side'
Number squares lettered a, b and c pose the puzzle of keeping nine on every side. In one, four are removed yet nine must remain per face; in another (1 7 1 / 7 b 7 / 1 7 1) twelve are added; a third asks that adding twelve to 4 1 4 still leave nine per side.
A cross of numbers, five to a row
A cross-shaped array holds five per row; the puzzle is to take away two and still leave two rows at the same number, solved as 1 / 1 3 1 / 1.
Riddles of the candle and of fire
Two riddles: of the candle's light - 'a thing from which you may take as much as you can, yet its size will never diminish' - and of fire, 'another which, the more wretched and evil it is, the more you draw near to it.'
Coins dropped into a brimming glass
Once a glass is full of water, three lire of coins may be added - but only one at a time and edgewise - without it overflowing, exploiting the water's raised surface.
Inverted flask that draws up water
A flask set upside down in a basin of water over a burning coal: the heat has such power that it draws the water upward and fills the flask.
Twisting and driving nails
Two nail tricks are sketched: twisting a thick nail by winding two handkerchiefs on its ends and turning them oppositely, and driving a nail with a single blow by fixing its head to the hammer's face with wax.
