River meanders and flooding; the relative speed of hail and cloud
Why slow rivers overflow and wind, and measuring how much faster a cloud moves than its hail
Folio 216v studies river behaviour: of two equal streams the one on the longer, gentler path flows more slowly, clears its bed less for the water behind it, and so brims its banks and floods the fields with fresh silt, while the shorter path cuts a deeper channel and stays clean. Leonardo explains river meanders as the effect of an outflow unequal to the inflow, likening the river to a willow-wand struck tip-first against a resisting obstacle. Folio 217r carries the parallel problem of a hail-bearing cloud, with three lettered figures relating the transverse speed of the cloud to the vertical fall of its hail. Dropping a ball freely for a harmonic time gives an experimental rule for measuring how many times faster the cloud travels.
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Why slow, gentle rivers overflow their banks
Of two equal rivers, the one on the longer, gentler path flows more slowly and clears its bed less for the water behind it; the inflow then exceeds the outflow, the water brims the banks and floods the fields with fresh silt. A river on the shorter path clears away at once, cuts a deeper channel and occupies less ground.
Meanders form like a struck willow-wand
River bends arise when a river's outflow does not match its inflow, likened to a willow-wand struck tip-first against a resisting obstacle. Unable to advance as fast as the force driving its far end, the middle of the wand is forced to consume its length in winding curves.
Measuring how far faster a cloud moves than its hail
If hail falls one mile while its cloud moves sixteen, the cloud is sixteen times the swifter, and the paths of cloud and hail can never lie along a line of equality since both motions begin together at one point. Dropping a ball freely from g to i for a harmonic time gives the rule: comparing the lengths d e or g i shows when the cloud's velocity is double the hail's, the stones then lying along the line y h.
