Half-toothed wheel and twin pinions driving a reciprocating axle
A crank turns a half-toothed wheel and two 12-spindle lantern pinions; an iron rack is proposed as a steadier substitute
A large central drum-and-wheel mechanism is turned by a handle f to drive an axle m n forward and back, the belt that moves it being nailed to the arbor between the two lantern pinions. Leonardo praises this as the best of the 'double motions' because it stays uniform throughout, the half-toothed wheel of 12 teeth engaging pinions of 12 spindles each. He warns the instrument-maker never to run such members too fast, lest a sudden reversal break the teeth, and suggests an iron ladder (rack) as a more durable and less variable alternative to the reciprocating axle.
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Crank f driving the reciprocating axle m n
Turning the handle f drives the axle m n forward and makes it return backward. The belt that moves the axle is fastened behind, between the two lantern-pinions, nailed to their arbor. Leonardo commends the device for working well.
The best of the double motions; a caution against speed
The half-toothed wheel of 12 teeth drives two pinions of 12 spindles each, giving a motion equal in every part. Leonardo warns that at high speed a sudden reversal endangers the teeth, and proposes an iron ladder (rack) in place of the to-and-fro axle as more lasting and less variable.
