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That color which is more illuminated shows itself better in the impact made by its rays inside the aperture. The luminous rays will make greater the shadows of bodies placed between the aperture and the impact, which bodies are touched by a less luminous ray.

Among apertures of equal size, the one that is in a thicker wall will render a darker and smaller impact of light.

Every body makes rays.

In each part of any ray there converges pyramidally the likeness of that part of the body which is turned toward that line. The whole part of the body that is turned toward the ray, which results from itself with a pyramidal converging, is wholly along that whole line and wholly in every part of it.

Two figures of apertures crossed by luminous rays of varying intensity, with: black – red – white – green; red – green – yellow – yellow – green – red.

That color which is more illuminated shows itself better in the impact made by its rays inside the aperture. The luminous rays will make greater the shadows of bodies placed between the aperture and the impact, which bodies are touched by a less luminous ray.

The nearer the shadowy body is to the impact of the rays, the more its shadow will keep the form of its derivation.

The qualities of rays are 2, namely luminous and shadowy. The impact of the luminous ray will be surrounded by those likenesses of the things that surround the luminous body. In the impacts of rays part of the nature of their cause is shown. Of the nature of apertures. The aperture is composed of several sides, and the one that has fewer shows less the truth of things. The one that has more shows it better, and especially when the parts of the sides are equally distant from the center of the aperture.

In pen. m 4 / b 7 / 9 / 2 / 0 n / 0 / 2 / a 6 S / 5 / r. You will say, in the 5 r with the six S: 5 times 6, 30; subtract it from 72, that is a b; you cannot go up to 10, but cancel the 2 of a and put it back above in n, and keep the three tens, which you subtract from 7 b; there remains 4, and put it above in m; so that, 30 taken from 72 a b, there remains 42 m n.

In pen. m 4 / b 7 / 9 / 2 / 0 n / 0 / 2 / a 6 S / 5 / r. You will say, in the 5 r with the six S: 5 times 6, 30; subtract it from 72, that is a b; you cannot go up to 10, but cancel the 2 of a and put it back above in n, and keep the three tens, which you subtract from 7 b; there remains 4, and put it above in m; so that, 30 taken from 72 a b, there remains 42 m n.

0 0 0 / 498 / 3548 / 3500 / 35 / 07 / 9| / 0 / 999 | 999 | 999 / 993 / 903

The body that is on the right angle made by the cord that holds it and the one that pulls it crosswise will give of itself so much less weight to the cord that pulls it than to the one that holds it, as the transverse motion is less than the cord that suspends it.

When the angles are equal, the weights are equal on the cords.