Jests, Maxims, and Workshop Recipes (dated 23 April 1490)
Jests and proverbs, a meditation on sleep and death, with notes on casting gesso and clarifying water
A closely written literary page carrying several jests (the wager over pulled-off breeches, the exchanges about faces so ugly they change the eyes' color, the boast about a strange country), aphorisms on fortune and envy, and a somber meditation likening sleep to death and calling the body a 'sheath of corruption.' Between the prose Leonardo slips in practical recipes: how to re-fire gypsum with cask tartar so it survives casting, an aqua-vitae preparation, and an observation that heating muddy water clears it by rarefaction. A tiny sketch of a cloak (gabbano) at center-right puns on 'molti ci gabbano' (many deceive us). Marginal notes name Maestro Giovanni da Lodi and, upside down at the foot, record the date 23 April 1490.
On this page
Jests: the wager of the breeches and the ugly-face retorts
A boaster of tricks is caught out when a bystander wagers he can make anyone pull off his breeches, then flings borrowed breeches in the boaster's face to win the bet. In further exchanges, a man explains his eyes change color from the violence of seeing another's ugly face, and a native of a land of strange things is told his own ugly presence proves the tale true.
On sleep and death; the body as a sheath of corruption
'O sleeper, what is sleep? Sleep resembles death,' begins a meditation urging one to labor so that after death one may resemble the living rather than, while alive, resemble the wretched dead. A companion passage calls man and animals the passage and channel of food, the burial place of animals, the lodging of the dead, a sheath of corruption.
Proverbs on fortune, envy, threats, and blame
Short maxims cluster here: threats are only the weapons of the threatened; where fortune enters, envy besieges it and leaves grief on departing; rarely does he fall who walks well. Fortune must be seized by the forelock, 'for behind she is bald.' A repeated jingle warns against praising or blaming a thing one does not understand.
Re-firing gypsum so it survives casting
To re-cook gesso so it does not fall apart when casting, Leonardo directs adding raw tartar (gromma) straight from the cask. After casting, the mould is put in water and it will come apart cleanly. The note sits among the applied-arts recipes on the sheet.
Warm water clears mud by rarefaction
If water made turbid by mud is heated it clears at once. Leonardo reasons that heating expands the water, and in expanding it becomes rarefied; being rarefied, it less supports the bodies heavier than itself suspended in it. The observation reads the clarifying as a matter of density rather than settling alone.
Marginal memoranda: a teaching trick and Maestro Giovanni da Lodi
The left margin records a clever method for teaching a measurement you do not know by having your pupil measure an unknown length, then names Maestro Giovanni da Lodi. Upside down at the foot of the sheet a dated note reads 'On the 23rd day of April, 1490.'
