Blow and force: the motions of a weight and the crossbow
How percussion and force arise from motion, proved by the drawn crossbow
The main text distinguishes two 'spiritual powers' that can be joined to a weight by accidental violence — the blow (colpo), caused by motion, and force (forza) — and classifies motion into that which separates from its cause and that which does not. It is further divided into motion toward the centre, away from it, and across: a falling body grows heavier and strikes harder the farther it falls, while a rising one weakens toward its end. Leonardo proves how force passes from body to body with the crossbow: the power drawn into the bow equals the weight one could lift with the same pull, and if that force weighs 400 pounds the blow will have the same power. He adds that the more slowly the crossbow is spanned, the greater the fury with which it drives the bolt. The lower half of the leaf and the right margin are much faded.
On this page
Blow and force joined to a weight
Two spiritual powers, far greater than the weight itself, may be joined to a weight by accidental violence: the blow, caused by motion and varying with its nature, and force. Motion is of two kinds — that which separates from its cause and that which does not.
Three kinds of motion: to the centre, from it, across
Motion that departs far from its cause is threefold: toward the centre, away from it, and across. What falls toward the centre grows heavier and strikes harder the farther it falls; what rises weakens as it nears its end; the transverse holds one nature to midway, then the other.
The crossbow proves how force transmutes between bodies
The crossbow confirms the argument: draw the cord to the nut with the belt-hook, then measure what weight the same pull can raise, and that is the power enclosed in the bow. When the force leaves the bow it fastens onto the bolt; if it weighs 400 pounds the blow has the same power, and the more slowly the crossbow is spanned the greater the fury with which it drives the bolt.
