Which Muscles to Show, and the Kinds of Motion
Reveal only the muscles engaged in an action; understand anatomy; motion divided into local, actional, and composite
A page of the Treatise on Painting advising that a figure should reveal only the muscles actually engaged in its movement: the most-used muscle shown most, the least-used less, and the idle ones left slack and soft. Leonardo urges the painter to master the anatomy of muscles, tendons, and bones, since a living model may lack good muscles in the desired pose and cannot always be drawn. A new chapter then classifies the motions of man and animals into local motion (place to place) and actional motion (within the body), with local motion subdivided into ascending, descending, and level travel, plus the pairs slow/fast and straight/winding, and leaping. The clean humanist script carries no diagram on this leaf.
On this page
Show most the muscle most engaged; leave idle muscles slack
The figure should disclose only the muscles that share in its movement and action. The muscle most used in that action should be shown most prominently, the less-used one expressed more faintly, and the one doing nothing left slack, soft, and with little display.
Why the painter must know muscles, cords, and bones
Leonardo urges the painter to understand the anatomy of the muscles, tendons (cords), and bones, without which knowledge he will accomplish little. A chosen model may lack good muscles in the very action wanted, and good nudes are not always at hand, so it is more useful to hold such variety in practice and in memory.
The two kinds of motion: local and actional
The motions of animals are of two kinds, local motion (moving from place to place) and actional motion (made within the body without changing place). Local motion has three species, ascending, descending, and going along level ground, to which are added slow and fast, straight and winding, and leaping; actional motions are infinite, and a third kind is compounded of actional with local.
