Weights on angled cords: real arms, potential arms, and their loads
How the angle of a cord alters apparent weight, worked out in fractions
Folio 3v poses and works a problem in the statics of hanging weights: what load the cords a n and f n feel from a weight of 4, resolved by finding a number (12) that divides both lines and by distinguishing the 'real' arms of the balance from the 'potential' ones. Leonardo repeats that a body sustained at the angle of a cord shows itself heavier as that angle grows thicker, and that equal natural weights differ in power when hung at unequal angles. Folio 12r carries a long fractional calculation of how a weight of 6 is shared among cords and levers (returning values like 3, 2 1/4 and 10 1/4), illustrated by quarter-circle constructions and catenary-like cord diagrams with hanging weights.
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The question: what load the cords feel
Here it is sought what part of the weight 4 the cord a n and the cord f n each feel.
Finding the common number for the arms
Find a number holding a third and a fourth, which is 12, and use it to divide lines a c and d f; what juts beyond the central b g, namely a b on one side and e f on the other, serve as the real arms of the balance. Then a b is half of 12 (6) and e f is 3/4 of 12 (9); the potential arms are e m and e o.
A thicker cord-angle makes a body seem heavier
A heavy body sustained at the angle of a cord shows itself of greater weight to that cord the thicker the angle is; and a body shows itself heavier the more remote it is from the central line of the fixing of its support.
Equal weights, unequal power at unequal angles
The weights p, q, L, n hung at the angles a, m, s, o, though equally distant from the central line of their fixing, are not equal in power as they are in natural gravity, because the cord-angles where they are attached are not equal in thickness.
A rigid arm would halve the load; a cord does not
The lever of arm d b and arm b f is made by lines d e and f e; if the arms would not bend, the weight of 8 would divide into two equal parts, 4 felt by e d and 4 by e f. But because it is a cord, it observes the rule of the 4th of the 9th.
Sharing a weight of 6 among cords and levers
By the 5th of the 7th the load on cord a b halves, so the weight 6 returns 3 at b; through converse proportions on the levers (3/5, then 3/7) the 6 is shown to return to its two supports as 10 1/4, and cord b c to feel 2 1/4. Were the supports of equal height, the 6 at d would return as 36, since the axis enters six times into its hypotenuse a b.
