Pouring vessels and pulley systems
Air, vacuum and impetus in a flask, an open vessel and a funnel, with two pulley arrangements
Studies of pouring vessels examine how water leaves a flask labelled a: the air that refills the emptying flask rushes in with the same impetus as the outflowing water, so anything floating on the water turns in the opposite direction. A funnel lettered n - m shows that much water pours out through m before the level n reaches the outlet. Two pulley systems are sketched above, and an open vessel b is noted separately.
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Flask a: air replacing the vacuum reverses the surface
As water issues from the flask a, the air that replenishes the emptying vacuum enters with the same impetus as the water pouring out. Because of this counter-current, whatever rests upon the water turns in a motion contrary to that of the water.
Funnel n - m and rate of outflow
In the funnel lettered n - m, much water will pour out through the outlet m before the level n descends to reach m. The note gauges how flow relates to the falling water level.
Two pulley systems
Two pulley arrangements with hanging lines are drawn across the top of the sheet. They are captioned only as two pulley systems, without accompanying text.