Visual rays of two eyes, number games, and the toll of Modena

Rays from two crossed eyes meeting upon objects

The right column stacks diagrams of the 'office of the eyes' a b and i K sending rays across to the objects c d and r S. Rays from paired eyes cross at an intersection and strike the facing bodies. Successive figures show the rays intercepted by objects of ever-decreasing size.

An object smaller than the pupil and its transparent occupation

A thing set before the eye that is smaller than the pupil blocks only as much of the field as the base of the pyramid formed beyond the intersection between eye and object. The body d e will occupy, for the half-pupil a b, all the parts of the field n o. The darkening it casts across the field is of varied qualities.

Two 'games of shares': guessing a hidden number

In the first game coins are shifted between two hands and thrown away in equal amounts, five added on top, so the player always finds thirteen; the equal discards keep the remainder equal. In the second, the player picks a number under twelve and the counter recovers it by completing twelve, since whatever was added to one hand was taken from the other.

The proverb of need, and Maso at the gate of Modena

A maxim notes that the more a thing is needed the less it is esteemed. A jesting tale follows: a man entering Modena, made to pay only five soldi of toll for his whole person, loudly marvels that at Florence he paid ten gold ducats merely to enter, and praises the city and its rulers.

A figure made by Lione in the Castello square

A brief note beside a small drawing of an arrow, a short stick and a cord records that Lione made this in the piazza of Castello, using a withy and an arrow.

Figura di freccia, piccolo bastone e corda:

Colonna destra.

Raggi visivi da due occhi incrociati su due oggetti, con:

Figura analoga, con:

Raggi visivi intercettati da grosso oggetto, con:

Figura analoga con piccolo oggetto, con:

Figura analoga con oggetto ancor più piccolo.

Raggi visivi intercettati da oggetto minore, con:

Colonna sinistra in basso.

Figure of an arrow, a small stick and a cord:

Right column.

Visual rays from two crossed eyes upon two objects, with:

Analogous figure, with:

Visual rays intercepted by a large object, with:

Analogous figure with a small object, with:

Analogous figure with a still smaller object.

Visual rays intercepted by a smaller object, with:

Left column, below.