On the Spots of the Moon: Against the Transparency Theory
Why the notion of a moon of alabaster and crystal fails to explain the lunar markings
A full page of continuous mirror-script argues against the ancient view, credited to Aristotle and many philosophers, that the moon's dark spots arise from its being made of parts more and less transparent, like alabaster and crystal. Leonardo reasons that if the spots were transparent hollows, they would darken and brighten with the changing positions of sun and moon, growing dark when the sun is in the west and the moon at mid-sky, and vanishing at the full moon. Because the spots in fact do not vary in that way, he holds the transparency theory to be false.
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Refutation of the moon composed of transparent and dense parts
Others held that the moon is made of parts more and less transparent, so that the sun's light lodges on the dense surface while the transparent hollows show their dark depths, producing the spots. Leonardo objects that such transparent concavities would take shadow when the sun is in the west and the moon at mid-heaven, but be lit to their depths at the full moon. Since the spots do not brighten and darken in this way, the opinion, though favoured by Aristotle and many philosophers, is false.
