The whole sky and its stars imaged in the eye and through a pinhole
Objects reflected entire across a mirror or pupil, reduced when seen through a hole in paper
Leonardo states that the images of opaque bodies do not superimpose one on another when the judging eye is motionless. In one mirror or pupil lies the likeness of every object set before it, each object being entire across the whole surface and in each least part; he verifies this by moving the eye while marking the moon and stars, which then fall in ever new sites, many one over another. A final lettered diagram (t e n m o f S, h K, a c d b), which he calls 'better than the others', shows the eye seeing part e f of the sky with three stars n m o, and the same sky sent through the small hole of a perforated paper into the region c d of the eye, appearing smaller as c d is smaller than a b. Three converging-beam diagrams accompany the text at the right margin.
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Images of opaque bodies do not overlap for a motionless eye
The images of opaque bodies do not superimpose one upon another when the eye that judges them stands without motion.
Every object imaged whole across a mirror or pupil (moon and stars)
In one mirror or pupil is the likeness of all the objects set before it, each entire across the whole surface and in every least part. Moving the eye while marking the moon with all the stars shows them falling in ever new sites, many marked one over another, and this could be done innumerable times.
Sky with three stars seen through a pinhole (a b, c d, n m o)
With the whole light of the eye a b he sees the whole sky e f holding three stars n m o. Seen through the little hole of a perforated paper, that sky with its three stars is sent into the region c d of the eye, appearing as much smaller as c d is smaller than a b. Leonardo notes this figure is better than the others.