Two Water Wheels and a Hydraulic Pump
Oblique flow acts as perpendicular; still water weighs on its bed and valve
Two water wheels sit on an inclined watercourse at the top, lettered a, m and n. Leonardo notes that the obliquity of the water's course acts as if it were perpendicular, the slope a m doing as much as the vertical a n. Below is a hydraulic pump (tromba) lettered f m, a, n c, v: all parts of still water press upon its bottom, and the water moving to n bears only upon the valve n and its driver.
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Oblique flow acts as perpendicular flow
The obliquity of the water's course acts as if it were perpendicular: the slope a m does as much as the perpendicular a n.
Hydraulic pump and its valve
In the pump m f, all parts of still water press upon its bottom; the water that moves to n bears only upon the valve (animella) n and upon its driver.