The power of light through apertures, and derived shadows
Light gains power as it shrinks; overlapping beams brighten; two columnar bodies cast four shadows
A large blue sheet on the science of light and shadow. Leonardo asks what power light has when 'multiplied,' concluding that light gains power as it is concentrated (reflected from concave mirrors) and loses power as it spreads (from convex mirrors), and studies how light passing through apertures (spiracoli) recomposes the width of its source and how overlapping beams brighten in proportion to the number of apertures. A row of figures shows rays through one, two and four slits; a further passage and a row of cross-shaped diagrams treat the four derived shadows cast when two columnar bodies stand between two lights, distinguishing simple from compound shadows at their intersections.
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Light gains power as it is diminished in quantity
What power has light multiplied in power? Light gains as much power in being diminished in quantity as its quantity is reduced, as proved by the solar ray reflected from concave mirrors.
Derivative light loses power as it grows in magnitude
The derivative light loses as much power as it gains in magnitude, as proved by the solar ray reflected from convex mirrors. Many least gleams at a long distance join and become visible.
Light through an aperture recomposes the source's width
The light through an aperture recomposes, after it, the same width its source had before, when the source is as far from the aperture as the impression is beyond it; but its heat and splendour fall off with distance, unlike its width. Compound derived shadows from the aperture's lips break this rule.
Brightness multiplies with the number of apertures
Where beams through several apertures overlap, brightness is proportional to the number of overlapping impressions: the space n seen twice is twice as bright as b c seen once. In the four-aperture figure the degrees of light run one, two, three and four, as many as the apertures.
Two columnar bodies and two lights cast four derived shadows
When two columnar shadow bodies intersect between two lights, four compound derived shadows are cast, intersecting in four places, two intersections making simple shadow, two remaining compound. Removing one light leaves simple shadows intersecting at x; the doubled shadows at r t lose both lights at their crossing, while those at v x lose none.
