Propositions on Equal Lunes, Crescents and Circles
First through fifth demonstrations that lunes and crescents equal the circles they contain
A systematic geometrical page numbering its arguments 'first' through 'fifth' on the equality of lunes, crescents and circles. Leonardo proves that when two equal surfaces of different shape partly overlap, the touching part is equal and similar while the non-touching excesses are equal but not similar; that the half of a circle equals one crescent when the semicircle is double the circle; and that where three circles are mutually tangent at one point, the lune equals the circle it contains and each half equals half that circle. A defence against an 'adversary' uses an 'intersected calculation' with numbers to show that b h equals d h. Rows of divided circles, lunes and crescent figures illustrate the propositions.
On this page
First: overlapping equal surfaces of different shape
If two surfaces equal in quantity but different in figure partly overlap, the part that touches is equal and similar, while the parts that do not touch are equal but rarely similar. With circle r v equal to semicircle S r t, removing the common contact r from each leaves the two crescents S t equal to the portion v of the lesser circle.
Second: half a circle equals one crescent
If two surfaces are double in quantity, half the greater is worth the whole lesser, and if the lesser is laid on the greater the excesses equal the lesser. Since semicircle h g m is double circle g, the parts of the semicircle exceeding the circle equal that circle, so half the circle g is worth one of the two crescents h m.
Fourth: three tangent circles, lune and crescents
The three circumferences must be tangent at one same point. In the fourth figure the lune equals the circle it contains, and the two crescents b d, e c equal the same circle; removing equal parts (n f from the lune, b c from the crescents) leaves d e in both cases, so their remainders are equal.
The intersected calculation against the adversary
To prove f worth d b, d h and b h, Leonardo answers an adversary who sets d=1, b=2, h=2 with an 'intersected calculation': joining h+d gives 3 for semicircle f, and d+b also gives 3, but since h b equals h d and h=2, b=2 would make 4, which is false. Hence d b equals d h and b h are equal, a most evident equality tied back to the first and third demonstrations.
