Squaring the circle: sectors, lunes and inscribed squares
A dense sheet of quadrature studies with a moral maxim
A crowded sheet, meant to be read rotated 90 degrees to the right, packed with dozens of small figures exploring the squaring of curvilinear areas: sectors split into equal parts, circles with inscribed squares, lunes ('falcate') and their portions. The proofs turn on repeated ratio arguments, for example that a circle drawn outside a triangle is quadruple the circle drawn inside because its diameter is double, and that the greater portions can be exchanged for sets of lesser ones to leave a squarable remainder Leonardo calls the 'capital'. Amid the geometry a maxim is written at the foot ('he who does not fear is often full of harms, and often repents') and a column of loose numbers appears. The scholarly catalogue also notes further physical and mechanical sketches on the sheet that are not covered by the transcription.
On this page
Dividing a circular sector into two equal parts
Working from a divided sector, Leonardo notes that portion 'a c d' is double the smaller portion 'b', and that by adding the two triangles 'e f' to the larger portion the whole sector is split into two equal halves, 'b n' and the remainder. The construction reduces an area problem to a balance of portions and triangles.
Exchanging portions between two circles with inscribed squares
Two circles each have their four portions removed to leave a square, then one portion's value is returned, that value being the four lesser portions or the two half-portions. Subtracting the rectilinear parts leaves a rectilinear remainder worth one whole greater portion of the second circle, a proof that a curved area can be matched to a straight-sided one.
Great circle divided into sixteen equal parts (the 'capital')
The large circle at the foot is cut into biangles labelled with letters and 1s and 4s; two squares 'o r' are removed and the residue divided, with four lunes 'a b c d' lent a curvilinear quadrangle to remake a square. After dividing the rest into twelve curved triangles plus four lent ones and removing the lent triangles, the true squarable remainder, the 'capital', is left.
Column of working numbers
A small block of loose figures, arranged as '3 4 2 / 2 2 8 / 4 3 2 / 6' and so on, sits among the diagrams. They read as scratch computations tied to the ratios of portions being weighed nearby.
Maxim on fear and caution
Set apart at the bottom of the sheet is a moral aphorism: he who does not fear is often full of harms and often repents. It is one of the short sententiae Leonardo scattered through his working pages.
