Animal- and man-powered wheels driving pumps and scoops
Figures 19-22: a bucket treadwheel, scoop rods, and pump-driving gear trains
Four water-raising machines are sketched: a quadruped treading a large stepped wheel fitted with buckets that carry off water (Fig. 19); wheels driving two piston pumps (Fig. 20); a man on a stepped wheel working a pair of scoop rods (Fig. 21); and a system of wheels driving a pair of piston pumps (Fig. 22). The brief captions name only the water being moved, while the drawings show the drive arrangements powered by an animal or a man.
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Figure 19: quadruped treadwheel with water-carrying buckets
A four-footed animal climbs a large stepped wheel whose rim carries buckets that lift and carry off water. The animal's weight on the steps supplies the turning power.
Figure 21: man on a stepped wheel driving scoop rods
A man treads a stepped wheel that drives a pair of scoop rods to raise water. It pairs a human treadmill with the scoop-rod lifting device seen on the earlier folios.
Figure 22: gear train driving paired piston pumps
A system of wheels drives a pair of piston pumps that raise water. It is the last of the pump-driving arrangements in this run of machine studies.