Levelling and Measuring a Tunnel Bored Through a Mountain
Sighting three rods r S t and using proportion to compute the bore's length x z
Under the heading 'Of the levelled tunnel,' Leonardo explains how to survey a bore driven horizontally through the base of a mountain. He argues that the level's edge need not be straight — round or triangular will serve, provided it is flat on top — because sighting along it foreshortens it into a single straight line. The central diagram shows the mountain in section with sighting lines converging to a station; from three planted rods r S t and a second triangle n m a he takes the proportional 'excess' at each, finds it to be 1/12, and reasons that the space r a is 1/12 of the tunnel length x z — so that if that 1/12 equals 12 braccia, the whole bore x z is 144 braccia.
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Levelling the two mouths of a tunnel through a mountain
The tunnel must pass across the base of the mountain, its two mouths established on a common line with the sights. Leonardo insists the levelling edge may be of any figure, provided it is flat on top, since sighting along it reduces it to a straight line equidistant from that first line.
Triangulating the bore's length with three rods r S t
Standing back so both mouths are visible from station r, he plants a rod at his eye, interposes rods until each aligns with a lamp at a mouth, giving rods r S t. From line S t he takes its midpoint v and sets v r in proportion to S t, repeating with the triangle n m a to read the 'excess' at each.
From the excess 1/12 to a bore of 144 braccia
Since h r is to x z as v r is to S t, and the successive excesses give 1/4, then 1/6, then 1/12, the space r a is 1/12 of the line x z. Hence, were that 1/12 equal to 12 braccia, x z would measure 144 braccia.
