Water waves, reflected light rays, and a well-bucket hoist

Waves raised by the wind and where their crests fall

Among wind-driven waves, the most prominent is the one nearest to the water returning backward; the action of moving water on still air mirrors that of moving air on still water. Elsewhere the crest of wave a b falls because it strikes the air that presses upon it at n a and m b.

Incident and reflected rays on a spherical body

Given the point of luminous incidence upon a spherical body, it is possible to find the line of the incident ray and that of the reflected ray, as at the point a on the circle and a c. Yet on a mirror of any shape the true length of the incident or reflected ray at the given point cannot be found.

A well-bucket lowered and raised by cords n and m

The bucket's descent is quick and worked by cord n; its return upward is fast and pulled by cord m. In the companion figure the descent pulled by n is slow while the bucket's return pulled by m is fast.

Two triangles and the construction of the two circles

Leonardo sets down two triangles governed by the definition of the circle, then makes the greater circle and places the lesser one so its centre touches the greater's circumference at a. Lines a g and a f are drawn so that b e and d c are equidistant.

Why nearer motions appear faster to the eye

Among things of equal movement, the more distant seems slower and the nearer seems faster. Motion n m, being nearer to the eye by 4/5 than the equal-time motion d e, will appear faster than it by 4/5.

Where incident and reflected water contend

At a b the incident water a b m contends with the reflected water n a b, and there sediment settles, because the colliding waters slow their motion and rise less, their motions being interrupted.

0134 v

Al centro figura con lettere:

A destra della figura:

A sinistra della figura:

Nella metà inferiore del foglio a destra:

In basso a destra tre figure con scritte.

A sinistra figura con lettere.

0135 r

In alto a destra, capovolta, figura con lettere:

In alto a sinistra:

Figura con lettere.

In basso a sinistra figura con lettere:

Accanto figura con lettere:

Figura.

Nella metà inferiore del foglio a destra:

At the centre, figure with letters:

To the right of the figure:

To the left of the figure:

In the lower half of the sheet, on the right:

At the lower right, three figures with writing.

On the left, figure with letters.

At the upper right, upside down, figure with letters:

At the upper left:

Figure with letters.

At the lower left, figure with letters:

Beside it, figure with letters:

Figure.